Describe Nemeths study of Minority Influence
Investigated the effect of flexiibility in minority influence, a similiar experiment to Moscivici
Nemeths study has three conditions; a consistent condition, an inconsistent condition and a flexible condition.
Nemeths found that when the minority were flexible, people conformed even more than they had done in Moscivicis original experiment. Nemeths study provided evidence for the effect of flexibility on minority influence
What is the enhanced cognitive interview
Created to be used with children, it involves all of the usual components of the cognitive interview but it also has some additional features that are designed to build a relationship between the witness and the interviewer.
What did Hodges and Tizard find in their study
. They found that children who remained in the institution or were returned to their parents struggles to form relationships with others and had impaired emotional development,
. They found that privation could be reversed if the child is placed in a loving, caring environment at a young age
. They found that children who were adopted at a young age had the best outcome, and were able to form loving,strong relationships with their adopted parents.
What does the continuity hypothesis say, attachment
The continuity hypothesis says that the IWM we develop from our attachment to our early caregivers, shapes our future friendships and relationships, so we recreate the same relationship that we experiences with our caregivers.
Describe Condon and Sanders research into infant- caregiver interactions
They analysed frame-by-frame video recordings of the movements made by babies when they were with their mothers, they found that babies timed their actions to occur in time with their mothers speech, which is an example of intersectional synchrony. Their study provided the first evidence that caregivers and infants display international synchrony in their interactions.
Indiscriminate attachment stage
Occurs when babies are between three and several months. In this stage, babies begin to prefer familiar people to unfamiliar, but they don’t use form a strong attachment to one particular person
What is meant by objectivity
Objectivity is when a researcher does not allow their personal bias to affect how they carry out the experiment
Which researchers found support for the role of leading questions on memory accuracy?
Loftus and Palmer
Meaning of attrition
When there is a loss of participants across the course of a study
Which researchers found evidence indicating that anxiety can increase memory accuracy
Yullie and Cutshall
Why does Schafer and Emerson’s study not support Bowlbys view
. They found that babies do form multiple attachments
. They found that babies do form attachments with their father
. They concluded that attachments are not monotropic
What were the results of Cujpers et als study?
. Participants who were treated with CBT experienced a significant improvement in symptoms compared to the control group
. CBT is more effective than no treatment for patients with major depression
. The effectiveness of CBT varied from individual to individual
Alloy and Abrasom
Found that people who had depressions, had beliefs about news items that were more accurate than the control groups beliefs
People without depression had beliefs that were inaccurate about news items.
Therefore, weakness of CBT is that it assumes that people with depression have negatively biased perceptions that are wrong and needs correcting. But in reality the depressive mood might be more accurate.
Max et al
Studied a girl who developed OCD after experiencing brain damage
Studied someone with brain damage in the basal ganglia
Saxena and Rauch
Reviewed brain imaging studies that compared the brain activity of adults who have OCD with the brain activity of adults without OCD
Saxena and Rauch found increased brain activity in the orbitorfrontal cortex of adults with OCD compared to controls
Billet et al
Conducted a review of twin studies to assess genetic inheritance of OCD
Monozygotic twins had 68% concordance and Dizygotic twins had 31% concordance
Billet et al thus concluded that the large difference in concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins indicated OCD is partially inherited.
Soomro et al
Reviewed 17 studies that investigates the effectiveness of SSRIs
Soomro et al found that 70% of patients treated with SSRIs experienced an improvement in symptoms
Soomro ET al supports the use of SSRIs to treat OCD symptoms.
O’ Connor et al
Found that combining both types of treatment using SSRIs from the biological approach and CBT from the cognitive approach, led to the biggest reduction in symptoms of OCD
Martin et al 2003
Found that when people are exposed to a minority viewpoint, they process the information more deeply, which leads to more lasting attitude change.
In relation to the working memory model, explain the function of the episode buffer
It binds and integrates information from other components
It passes information onto long-term memory
Nolan et al
Found that display messages encouraging the energy use were more effective when they suggested that other people were doing the same
Evidence of normative social influence
Outline what is meant by randomisation
The use of chance in setting up the investigation
Cultural variations in attachment statistics
75% of babies in the UK formed secure attachments
28% in Germany formed an insecure avoidant attachment
21% in Japan formed an insecure resistant attachment
Koluchova Czech twins
Evidence suggest effects of maternal deprivation are reversible/ not long term
