ANP 300 > Upper arm LAB 3 > Flashcards

Upper arm LAB 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

clavicle

A
  • only bone link between the upper limb and axial skeleton
  • S-shaped
  • medial third is convex anteriorly
  • lateral third is concave anteriorly
  • expanded medial end articulates with manubrium at the sternoclavicular joint
  • flattened lateral end articulates with acromion of the scapula at the synovial acromioclavicular joint
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2
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

clavicle and manubrium (sternum)

-mobile

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3
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A
  • clavicle and acromion of the scapula
  • synovial
  • shoulder separation
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4
Q

scapula

A
  • triangle
  • covers the second to seventh ribs on the dorsum of the thorax
  • medial border parallels the vertebral column
  • long axillary border is thickened
  • glenoid cavity- forms the joint surface for the humerus
  • spine rises from the dorsal surface and projects laterally as the acromion
  • spine separates the supraspinous fossa above from the infraspinous fossa
  • coracoid process- fingerlike, projects anterolaterally from the superior border
  • gently concave anterior surface of scapular blade comprises the subscapular fossa
  • glenoid fossa articulates with humerus (laterally)
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5
Q

scapula: acromion

A
  • bends anteriorly to overhand the glenoid cavity

- spine rises from the dorsal surface and projects laterally as the acromion

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6
Q

glenoid cavity

A

forms the joint surface for the humerus

-most mobility in the whole body

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7
Q

interclavicular ligaments

A
  • reinforces the sternoclavicular joint

- runs between the medial ends of both clavicles and the top of the manubrium

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8
Q

costoclavicular ligament

A
  • reinforces the sternoclavicular joint

- runs from the underside of the clavicle to the top of the first rib

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9
Q

coracoclavicular ligament

A
  • reinforces the acromioclavicular joint

- extends from the coracoid process to the lateral third of the clavicle

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10
Q

coracoacromial ligament

A
  • reinforces the acromioclavicular joint

- runs from the coracoid process to the acromioclavicular joint

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11
Q

humerus

A
  • proximal end is the hemispherical head -> articulares with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
  • greater tubercle- large, lateral to head
  • lesser tubercle- smaller anterior to greater tubercle
  • intertubercular sulcus- deep groove that runs longitudinally on the anterior surface between the greater and lesser tubercles
  • deltoid tuberosity- midshaft below the greater tubercle, prominent
  • medial epicondyle- distal end that expands medially (can be palpated)
  • lateral epicondyle- smaller (on other side)
  • distal end has 2 articular surfaces
  • trochlea- medial, spool shaped, articulates with ulna
  • capitulum- lateral, bulbous, articulates with the radius
  • coronoid fossa- anterior, depression above the trochlea, receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed
  • radial fossa- lateral depression, above the capitulum, smaller, shallower, receive the head of the radius when the forearm is fully flexed
  • olecranon fossa- posterior, large triangular depression proximal to the trochlea, receives the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is fully extended
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12
Q

radius

A
  • head- proximal end, articulates with ulna (medially) and the capitulum of the humerus (proximally)
  • radial (bicipital) tuberosity- distal to head on anteromedial side, prominent
  • distal end of radius is enlarged
  • styloid process- lateral, projects distally, easily palpated
  • lister’s dorsal tubercle- on dorsal aspect, palpable
  • concave distal ends of radius articulates with two wrist bones (lunate and scaphoid)
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13
Q

ulna

A
  • proximal end is expanded
  • articulates with both radius and humerus
  • olecranon- posterior, easily palpated, fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when forearm is extended
  • trochlear notch- anterior aspect of proximal end, articulates with the trochlea of the humerus, extended anteriorly by the prominent coronoid process
  • coronoid process- fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus when the forearm is fully flexed
  • radial notch- lateral to the coronoid process, shallow, articulates with head of radius
  • head- distal end, articulates medially and anteriorly with the radius and distally with a fibrocartilage disc interposed between it an one of the carpal bones (triquetrum)
  • styloid process- posterior to the head, short, fingerlike, projects distally
  • interosseous membrane- connects the medial aspect of the radial shaft and the lateral aspect of the ulnar shaft, fibrous, serves as the attachment for some of thr muscles that move the thumb
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14
Q

carpals

A
  • 8
  • form wrist
  • aligned in 2 transverse rows of 4
  • proximal row- scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
  • distal row- trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
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15
Q

sesamoid bone

A
  • forms in the tendon of a muscle

- ex. pisiform

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16
Q

proximal row of carpals

A
  • scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform (lateral to medial)
  • first 3- movement of wrist through their articulation with the radius and ulna
  • pisiform- set anterior to the others and sits on the triquetrum, sesamoid bone that forms in the tendon of a flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
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17
Q

distal row of carpals

A
  • trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate (lateral to medial)

- participate in movement of the wrist through their articulation with the metacarpal bones of the palm

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18
Q

metacarpals

A
  • 5
  • form the palm
  • first element of each ray is its metacarpal
  • proximal end is expanded to form a base that articulate with one or more of carpal bone
  • distal end has a rounded head that articulates with the proximal phalanx
  • each metacarpal is slightly concave on palmar side and gently convex on dorsal side
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19
Q

phalanges

A
  • 14
  • digits
  • each of the 4 fingers have: proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx
  • thumb (pollex)- only has a proximal phalanx and distal phalanx
  • distal end of each distal phalanx is expanded to form apical tuft (ungual tuberosity)- smooth on its dorsal (nail) side and rough on volar (pad) side
  • apical tuft- provides support that enables the broad, fleshy fingertips to grip opposition with the thumb
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20
Q

shoulder joint

A
  • articular cage covers head of humerus
  • glenoid articular cartilage expanded around the rim to form a labrum
  • the joint capsule attaches proximally to the rim of the glenoid and distally to the neck of the humerus
  • lined with synovial membrane
  • fibrous outer part is reinforced by glenohumeral ligaments
  • joint capsule is pierced by tendon of the long head of biceps brachii- attaches to the top of the glenoid rim and runs through the capsule over the head of the humerus -> exits the capusle into the intertubercular sulcus on anterior aspect of humerus
  • synovial membrane wraps around tendon sheath -> permits tendon free movement under the transverse humeral ligament between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus
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21
Q

glenohumeral ligaments

A
  • thin and weak

- reinforced the fibrous outer part of joint capsule in shoulder

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22
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A
  • shoulder joint is reinforced by tendons of 4 muscles
  • all the posterior insert on greater tubercle -> laterally rotate
  • anterior insert on lesser tubercle
  • supraspinatus- passes the joint superiorly, posteriorly
  • subscapularis- passes joint anteriorly
  • infraspinatus- pass joint posteriorly
  • teres minor- pass joint posteriorly
  • form an incomplete cuff around shoulder joint
  • prevent shoulder dislocation
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23
Q

shoulder bursae

A
  • subacromial bursa- superior, lies beneath the acromion of the scapula and above the tendon of the supraspinatus
  • subscapular bursa- anterior, located between the tendon of the subscapularis muscle and the joint capsule, an extension of the synovial membrane of the joint capsule
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24
Q

3 articulations of elbow joint

A
  1. hinge joint between humerus and ulna
  2. ball and socket joint between humerus and radius
  3. pivot joint between radius and ulna
    - contained within the joint capsule and synovial cavity
    - 1 & 2 -> permits ulna and radius to flex and extend
    - 2 &3 -> permit medial and lateral rotation (pronation and supination) of radius
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25
elbow joint
- articular cartilage covers the trochlea of humerus and the opposing trochlear notch of the ulna - also covers the capitulum of humerus and opposing head of radius - also covers radial notch of ulna and the opposing head of radius - fibrous joint capsule is lined with synovial membrane
26
ligaments of elbow joint
- 3 extracapsular ligaments reinforce - annular ligament - radius and ulna are held against the humerus by ligaments on the medial and lateral sides of the joint
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annular ligament
- elbow joint - holds the head of radius tightly against the ulna - sweeps around the circumference of the radial head from margin of ulnar radial notch to the other
28
ulnar collateral ligament
- elbow joint - arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and fans out to attach to the medial side of the ulna - prevents from abduction and adduction elbow
29
radial collateral ligament
- elbow joint - arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and fans out to insert into the annular ligament and the lateral aspect of the ulna - prevents from abduction and adduction elbow
30
bursae of elbow
- posterior to joint - subtendinous olecranon bursa- lies between the joint and the tendon of the triceps brachii muscle which inserts onto the apex of the olecranon of the ulna - subcutaneous olecranon bursa- lies immediately below the skin at the back of the ulnar olecranon
31
2 articulations of wrist joint
1. between the distal ends of the radius and ulna 2. between the forearm bones and the proximal row of carpals - 1 is the distal radioulnar joint - 2 is radiocarpal joint
32
distal radiolulnar joint
- permits pronation and supination of the forearm and hand - concave ulnar botch and the radius sweeps around the head of the ulna - between the distal ends of the radius and ulna
33
triangular disc of wrist joint
- stabilizes the joint - fibrocartilage that covers the distal end of the ulna - extends from the edge of the ulnar notch of the radius to the styloid process of the ulna - interposed between the ulna and carpal bones (lunate and triquetral) - glides across the ulnar head and the radius moves around it
34
radiocarpal joint
- permits flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction of the hand - formed by the distal end of the radius and the triangular disc, which articulate, respectively with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum distally - between the forearm bones and the proximal row of carpals - radius articulates with scaphoid and lunate - triangular disc articulates with lunate during abduction and pure flexion and extension - when hand is adducted triangular disc articulate with triquetrum
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radiocarpal ligaments
- provides stability for wrist joint | - dorsally and ventrally
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ulnocarpal ligaments
- provides stability for wrist joint | - dorsally and ventrally
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radial collateral ligament
- provides stability for wrist joint | - between the styloid process of the radius and the scaphoid
38
ulnar collateral ligament
- provides stability for wrist joint | - between the styloid process of the ulna and the triquetral
39
flexor retinaculum
- strong transverse ligament that extends from the pisiform and hamate medially to the scaphoid and trapezium laterally - *creates a carpal tunnel that prevents the flexor tendons from bowstringing when the muscles contract
40
carpal tunnel
- transmit 9 tendons from the muscles that flex the fingers and thumb - tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle runs underneath the flexor retinaculum but does not pass through the carpal tunnel proper
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muscles of the upper limb
- two compartments: dorsal and ventral - each is surrounded by a layer of deep fascia with muscles, nerves, and blood vessels - they are supplied by the ventral rami of spinal nerves
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brachial plexus
- in order to provide muscles with nerve fibers from more than one spinal nerve the ventral rami are braided together -> brachial plexus - supply the muscles of upper limbs
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shoulder: dorsal muscle
- includes muscles that cross the shoulder joint and originate in vertebral column, the back of rib cage, and scapula - stabilize the shoulder joint - extend and adduct arm
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arm: dorsal muscle
-extends forearm
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forearm: dorsal muscle
-supinate the forearm, extend the wrist and extend and abduct the fingers and thumb
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hand: dorsal muscle
-intrinsic hand muscles that move the thumb and fingers are all ventral
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shoulder: ventral muscles
- muscles that cross the shoulder joint and originate from the front of the rib cage, clavicle, and coracoid process of scapula - flex the arm
48
arm: ventral muscles
-flex and supinate forearm
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forearm: ventral muscles
- flex, abudct, and adduct the wrist | - flex the fingers and thumb
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hand: ventral muscles
- intrinsic hand muscles - abduct and adduct, flex and extend the fingers and thumb - all are ventral
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roots
-5 ventral rami comprise the 5 roots of the plexus
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trunks
- roots combine to form 3 trunks: - superior - middle - inferior - each trunk has axons that will go to dorsal and ventral compartment muscles
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cords
- from each trunk the axons that supply a dorsal compartment split apart from the ones that supply a ventral compartment - split forms 3 cords: - lateral - medial - posterior - named with according position to brachial artery - axons of each cord travel only to dorsal compartment muscles or only to ventral compartment muscles - lateral and medial cords carry ventral compartment axons - posterior cord carries dorsal compartment axons
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peripheral nerves
- axons of each cord separate and form peripheral nerves that innervate muscles - lateral pectoral nerve - musculocutaneous nerve - median nerve - medial pectoral nerve - ulnar nerve - axillary nerve - radial nerve - subscapular nerve
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lateral cord
- carry ventral compartment axons | - yields the lateral pectoral nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, and part of median nerve
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medial cord
- carry ventral compartment axons | - yields the medial pectoral nerve, the ulnar nerve, and the other part of median nerve
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superior trunk
- yields the suprascapular nerve - the only nerve to emerge directly from a trunk - innervates dorsal compartment muscles
58
posterior cord
- yields the subscapular nerve, the radial nerve, and the axillary nerve - carries dorsal compartment axons
59
scapulohumeral muscles
- muscles that move the arm (insert on humerus) - origin from the scapula - 7 - 4 from rotator cuff - 6 innervated by dorsal compartment nerves - coracobrachialis - teres major - deltoid - supraspinatus - infraspinatus - teres minor - subscapularis
60
thoracohumeral muscles
- muscles that move the arm (insert on humerus) - arise from the thoracic axial skeleton (vertebral column and ribs) - ventral compartment = medial and lateral pectoral nerves - 2 - latissimus dorsi - pectoralis major
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coracobrachialis
- scapulohumeral muscles - ventral compartment - musculocutaneous nerve
62
teres major
- scapulohumeral muscle - dorsal compartment - lower subscapular nerve
63
deltoid
- scapulohumeral muscle - dorsal compartment - originates on spine of scapula, acromion, and lateral clavicle - inserts on deltoid tuberosity of humerus - crosses shoulder joint from 3 diff sides -> 3 diff actions - flexes (anterior), abducts (lateral), and extends (posterior) the arm - innervated by axillary nerve
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supraspinatus
- scapulohumeral muscle - dorsal compartment - suprascapular nerve
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infraspinatus
- scapulohumeral muscle - dorsal compartment - suprascapular nerve
66
teres minor
- scapulohumeral muscle - dorsal compartment - axillary nerve
67
subscapularis
- scapulohumeral muscle - dorsal compartment - upper and lower subscapular nerves
68
latissimus dorsi
- thoracohumeral muscle - dorsal compartment - thoracodorsal nerve
69
pectoralis major
- thoracohumeral muscle - ventral compartment - medial and lateral pectoral nerves - adducts and medially rotates humerus - comes from sternum and clavicle - anteriorly crosses shoulder joint - inserts on anterior humerus - innervated my brachial plexus (medial and lateral pectoral nerves)
70
ventral compartment muscles of the arm
- fleshy belly lies in the ventral compartment of the arm will be supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve - bicep brachii - brachialis - coracobrachialis - musculocutaneous nerve - flexion - brachial artery
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bicep brachii
- supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve - ventral compartment - musculocutaneous nerve - arm
72
brachialis
- supplied by musculocutaneous nerve - ventral compartment - musculocutaneous nerve - arm
73
dorsal compartment muscle of the arm
- fleshy belly lies in the dorsal compartment of arm - supplied by the radial nerve - triceps brachii
74
triceps brachii
- supplied by radial nerve - dorsal compartment - radial nerve - arm - 3 heads-> long, lateral, medial - insert of olecranon process of ulna
75
ventral compartment muscles of the forearm
- fleshy belly lies in ventral compartment of forearm - supplied by median nerve or ulnar nerve - pronator teres - pronator quadratus
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pronator teres
- ventral compartment - median nerve - move forearm
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pronator quadratus
- ventral compartment - median nerve - move forearm
78
dorsal compartment muscles of the forearm: wrist, fingers, and thumb
-fleshy belly lies in dorsal compartment of the forearm -supplied by the median nerve or ulnar nerve wrist: -felxor carpi radialis -flexor carpi ulnaris -palmaris longus fingers and thumb: -flexor digitorum superficialis -flexor digitorum profundus -flexor pollicis longus
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flexor carpi radialis
- ventral compartment - median nerve - move wrist
80
flexor carpi ulnaris
- ventral compartment - ulnar nerve - move wrist
81
palmaris longus
- ventral compartment - median nerve - move wrist
82
flexor digitorum superficialis
- ventral compartment - median nerve - moves fingers and thumb
83
flexor digitorum profundus
- ventral compartment - median and ulnar nerve - moves fingers and thumb
84
flexor pollicis longus
- ventral compartment - median nerve - moves fingers and thumb
85
dorsal compartment muscles of the forearm: move forearm
- felly belly lies in dorsal compartment of forearm - supplied by radial nerve - brachioradialis - supinator
86
brachioradialis
- dorsal compartment - radial nerve - move forearm
87
supinator
- dorsal compartment - radial nerve - move forearm
88
dorsal compartment muscles of the forearm: wrist, fingers and thumb
-fleshy belly lies in the dorsal compartment of the forearm -supplied by the radial nerve wrist: -extensor carpi radialis longus -extensor carpi radialis brevis -extensor carpi ulnaris fingers: -extensor digitorum -extensor digiti minimi -extensor indicis thumb: -extensor pollicis longus -extensor pollicis brevis -abductor pollicis longus
89
extensor carpi radialis longus
- dorsal compartment - radial nerve - move wrist
90
extensor carpi radialis brevis
- dorsal compartment - radial nerve - move wrist
91
extensor carpi ulnaris
- dorsal compartment - radial nerve - move wrist
92
extensor digitorum
- dorsal compartment - radial nerve - move fingers
93
extensor digiti minimi
- dorsal compartment - radial nerve - move fingers
94
extensor indicis
- dorsal compartment - radial nerve - move fingers
95
extensor pollicis longus
- dorsal compartment - radial nerve - move thumb
96
extensor pollicis brevis
- dorsal compartment - radial nerve - move thumb
97
abductor pollicis longus
- dorsal compartment - radial nerve - move thumb
98
ventral compartment muscles of the hands
- fleshy belly lies in the ventral compartment of the hand - supplied by either median nerve or ulnar nerve - 5 - only ventral - flexor digiti minimi - abductor digiti minimi - opponens digiti minimi - lumbrical muscles - interossei muscles
99
flexor digiti minimi
- ventral compartment - ulnar nerve - move hand
100
abductor digiti minimi
- ventral compartment - ulnar nerve - move hand
101
opponens digiti minimi
- ventral compartment - ulnar nerve - move hand
102
lumbrical muscles
- ventral compartment - ulnar and median nerve - move hand
103
interossei muscles
- ventral compartment - ulnar nerve - move hand
104
ventral compartment nerves
- musculocutaneous - median - ulnar
105
musculocutaneous nerve
- ventral compartment - arises about an inch below the coracoid process of scapula - pierces the coracobrachialis muscle - crosses the anterior compartment of the arm - supplies 3 muscles of that compartment and the elbow joint
106
median nerve
- ventral compartment - descends with the brachial artery along the medial aspect of the arm - follows a median course along the forearm - crosses wrist at carpel tunnel
107
ulnar nerve
- ventral compartment - arises about an inch below coracoid process of scapula - runs with median nerve and brachial artery to about the middle of the arm - turns posteriorly and passes behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus - run in contact with the capsule of the elbow joint - funny bone nerve - continues distally by turning anteriorly to run along the ulna - crosses the wrist anterior to the carpal tunnel
108
dorsal compartment nerves
- suprascapular - axillary - radial
109
suprascapular nerve
- dorsal compartment - curves over onto the dorsal surface of the scapula through the notch in the upper border of that bone adjacent to coracoid process
110
axillary nerve
- dorsal compartment - runs across anterior surface of subscapularis muscle - exits the axilla between it and the teres major muscle - runs behind humerus
111
radial nerve
- dorsal compartment - largest branch of the brachial plexus - descends along back of humerus - curves around to emerge at elbow anterior to lateral epicondyle of humerus - divides into two branhces - one supplies muscles of posterior compartment of forearm - other continues distally along the lateral side of the radius to supply skin of the back of the hand
112
ventral compartment muscles
- innervated by ventral division nerves: - lateral pectoral - medial pectoral - musculocutaneous - median - ulnar
113
dorsal compartment muscles
- innervated by dorsal division nerves: - suprascapular - subscapular - axillary - radial
114
thoracohumeral muscles
- 2 - latissimus dorsi - pectoralis major
115
pectoralis major
- large muscle on front of chest - arises from the medial half of the clavicle, sternum, and part of 7th rib - inserts onto greater tubercle of humerus - adducts and medially rotates the humerus - clavicular part also flexes the shoulder joint whereas the sternal part extends an already flexed arm - ventral compartment = medial and lateral pectoral nerves
116
coracobrachialis
- runs from the tip of the coracoid process of the scapula to the medial side of the middle of the humeral shaft - adducts and flexes the arm - ventral compartment = musculocutaneous nerve
117
teres major
- runs from the dorsal surface of the scapular blade to the lesser tubercle of the humerus - adducts, medially rotates, and extends arm - dorsal compartment = lower suprascapular arm
118
rotator cuff muscles
- supraspinatus - infraspinatus - teres minor - subscapularis
119
supraspinatus
- runs from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula across the top of the shoulder joint to insert onto the greater tubercle of the humerus - elevates and abducts the arm - dorsal compartment = suprascapular nerve
120
infraspinatus
- runs from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula across the back of the shoulder joint to the greater tubercle of the humerus - laterally rotates the arm - dorsal compartment = suprascapular nerve
121
teres minor
- arises from the drosal surface of the scapula along its axillary border just superior to the origin of teres major - runs across the back of the shoulder joint to the greater tubercle of the humerus - laterally rotates the arm but only when its adducted - dorsal compartment = axillary nerve
122
subscapularis
- arises from the anterior surface of the blade of the scapula (subscapular fossa) - runs across the front of the shoulder joint - inserts onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus - medially rotates the arm - dorsal compartment = upper and lower subscapular nerves
123
elbow flexors
- biceps brachii - brachialis - brachioradialis
124
bicep brachii
- arises by 2 separate scapular attachments that merge to forma single belly - long head- arises from a tubercle above the glenoid fossa -> its tendon passes through the shoulder joint capsule and runs along the intertubercular groove of the humerus - short head- arises from the coracoid process - unified belly inserts onto the tuberosity of the radius - some tendinous fibers separate from it above the elbow and sweep medially to form the bicipital aponeurosis -> merges with the deep fascia - flexes the elbow - supinator - ventral compartment = musculocutaneous nerve
125
brachialis
- arises from the front of the humeral shaft and inserts onto the ulna at the base of the coronoid process - flexes the elbow when forearm is pronated or supinated - ventral compartment = musculocutaneous nerve
126
brachioradialis
- originates on the lateral edge of the humerus above the lateral epicondyle - inserts onto the radius close to the styloid process - flexes elbow - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
127
elbow extensors
- triceps brachii | - anconeus
128
triceps brachii
- 3 bellies that merge to insert onto the olecranon of the ulna - long head- arises from the inferior rim of the glenoid fossa of the scapula - lateral head- arises from the humerus between the greater tubercle and deltoid tuberosity - medial head- arises from the posterior surface of the humerus - long head extends forearm and adducts and extends the humerus - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
129
anconeus
- runs from the back of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the lateral side of the olecranon of the ulna - extends the forearm - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
130
pronators of the forearm
- pronator teres - pronator quadratus - ventral compartment = median nerve
131
pronator teres
- arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and crosses the elbow - insert onto the lateral side of the radius shaft - addition to being pronator -> also a weak flexor of elbow - ventral compartment = median nerve
132
pronator quadratus
- located just above wrist - runs from the anteromedial edge of the ulna to the anterior surface of the radius - ventral compartment = median nerve
133
deltoid
- attaches to the spine and acromion of the scapula and to the lateral third of the clavicle - inserts onto the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus - felxes, abducts, and extends the arm - dorsal compartment = axillary nerve
134
supinators of the forearm
- supinator | - biceps brachii
135
supinator
- arranged in 2 layers - superficial layer arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus -> runs behind the radial head and turns forward -> inserts onto the front of the radial shaft - deep layer arises from the lateral side of the upper end of the ulna -> runs behind the radius and turns forward -> insert on the front of the upper part of the radial shaft - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
136
biceps brachii
- powerful flexor of elbow and shoulder - important supinator of forearm - does not flex when pronated - ventral compartment = musculocutaneous nerve
137
flexors of the wrist
- arise from the medial epicondyle of the humerus by a common tendon - all are ventral compartment - flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi ulnaris - palmaris longus
138
flexor carpi radialis
- crosses the radial side of the forearm to attach to the bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals - abducts the wrist - ventral compartment = median nerve
139
flexor carpi ulnaris
- runs along the ulnar side of the forearm to attach to the pisiform and then onto the base of the 5th metacarpal - adducts the wrist - ventral compartment = ulnar nerve
140
palmaris longus
- runs between the other 2 flexors at attach to the front of the flexor retinaculum - fans out to form 4 separate bands that join the flexor sheaths of the fingers - bands are connected by fibrous tissue that forms a sheet known as the palmar aponeurosis - ventral compartment = median nerve
141
extensors of the wrist
- arise from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus - all are dorsal - extensor carpi radialis longus - extensor carpi radialis brevis - extensor carpi ulnaris
142
extensor carpi radialis longus
- runs along the lateral side of the forearm - insert onto the base of the 2nd metacarpal - also abducts the wrist - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
143
extensor carpi radialis brevis
- runs along the lateral side of the forearm - insert onto the base of the 3rd metacarpal - abducts the wrist - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
144
extensor carpi ulnaris
- arises from the back of the ulnar shaft - conjoined fibers runs along the medial side of the forearm - insert onto the base of the 5th metacarpal - adducts the wrist - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
145
muscles that move the fingers
- 10 - 2 groups - 5 extrinsic arise from arm or forearm - 5 intrinsic originate from within the hand itself
146
-extrinsic flexors of the fingers
- tendons run through the carpal tunnel - ventral compartment - flexor digitorum superficialis - flexor digitorum profundus
147
flexor digitorum superficialis
- arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the medial side of the coronoid process of the ulna - also arises from the shaft of the radius - conjoined fibers run down the forearm deep to the wrist flexors - above the wrist it gives rise to 4 tendons -> each insert onto middle phalanx after separating around the flexor digitorum profundus tendon over the proximal phalanx - ventral compartment = median nerve
148
flexor digitorum profundus
- arises from the ulnar shaft - also gives rise to 4 tendons, each of which insert onto a distal phalanx - ventral compartment = median and ulnar nerve
149
extrinsic extensor of the fingers
- dorsal compartment muscles - extensor digitorum - extensor digiti minimi - extensor indicis
150
extensor digitorum
arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus - gives rise to 4 tendons, each of which inserts onto a distal phalanx - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
151
extensor digiti minimi
- arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and runs to the 5th digit - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
152
extensor indicis
- a deep muscle that originates along the distal part of the ulnar shaft and runs to the 2nd digit - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
153
intrinsic muscles of the fingers
- 3 out of 5 run from the flexor retinaculum to the little finger -> form the hypothenar eminence on the medial side of the palm - all are ventral compartment - flexor digit minimi - abductor digiti minimi - opponens digiti minimi - lumbricals - interossei
154
flexor digiti minimi
- arises form the flexor retinaculum - inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit - flexes the 5th digit - ventral compartment = ulnar nerve
155
abductor digiti minimi
arises from the flexor retinaculum - inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit - abducts and flexes the 5th digit - ulnar nerve
156
opponens digiti minimi
- arises from the flexor retinaculum - inserts onto the 5th metacarpal - flexes and laterally rotates the metacarpal to a slight degree - causes the ventral surface of the little finger to face the thumb when the tips of these digits are opposed - ulnar nerve
157
lumbricals
- 4- > one for each finger - each arise from the tendon of flexor digitorum profundus - runs along the lateral side of that of that tendon to insert onto the base of the proximal phalanx - then turns dorsally to join the common extensor tendon - flexes the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint and extends the proximal interphalangeal (IP) joint - median and ulnar nerves
158
interossei
- 7 interosseous muscles - 3 palmar interossei adduct the fingers toward the midline - 3rd digit cannot be adducted -> it has no palmar interosseus muscle - runs from a metacarpal to the base of a proximal phalanx (occasionally a fourth interosseus muscle of thumb) - the 4 dorsal interossei abduct the fingers away from the midline (third digit requires 2 muscles) - each arises from the opposing surfaces of 2 adjacent metacarpals to insert onto the base of the proximal phalanx - dorsal interossei are so named bc they lie dorsal to the palmar interossei, but they still occupy the ventral compartment of the hand - ulnar nerve
159
muscles that move the thumb
- 8 - 2 groups of 4 - extrinsic that originate from the forearm - intrinsic that originate from within the hand itself - flexor pollicis longus - abductor pollicis longus - extensor pollicis longus - extensor pollicis brevis
160
flexor pollicis longus
arises from the anterior surface of the radial shaft - interosseous membrane and the medial side of the coronoid process of the ulna - its long tendon runs through the carpal tunnel to insert onto the ventral surface of the base of the distal phalanx - only extrinsic thumb muscle in the anterior compartment of the forearm - ventral compartment = median nerve
161
abductor pollicis longus
- arises from the posterior surfaces of the radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane - tendon runs past the styloid process of the radius to insert onto the lateral side of the base of the 1st metacarpal - its tendon forms part of the anterior margin of the anatomical snuff box - also lateral rotates the thumb - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
162
extensor pollicis longus
- arises from the back of the ulnar shaft and inserts onto the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx - its tendon forms the posterior margin of the anatomical snuff box - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
163
extensor pollicis brevis
- arises from the posterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane and inserts on the dorsal surface of the base of the proximal phalanx - its tendon forms part of the anterior margin of the anatomical snuff box - dorsal compartment = radial nerve
164
intrinsic muscles of the thumb
- 4 - ventral - 3 arise from the flexor retinaculum and form the thenar eminence on the lateral side of the palm - they act together to produce opposition of the thumb - 4th muscle -> adductor pollicis -> lies deep in the palm
165
flexor pollicis brevis
- arises from the flexor retinaculum and the trapezium - inserts onto the lateral aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx - opposes and flexes the thumb - median and ulnar nerves
166
abductor pollicis brevis
- arises form the flexor retinaculum as well as the scaphoid and trapezium - inserts with the tendon of flexor pollicis brevis onto the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx - opposes and abducts the thumb - median nerve
167
opponens pollicis
- arises from the flexor retinaculum and trapezium - insert onto the lateral surface of the 1st metacarpal - produces opposition - median nerve
168
adductor pollicis
- arises from the capitate, and from the shaft of the 3rd metacarpal - the fibers converge to insert onto the medial side of the base of the proximal phalanc - flexes the thumb when it is an adducted position - ulnar nerve
169
aortic arch
-give blood to upper limb on both sides of the body just above the heart
170
brachiocephalic trunk
- blood travels from the aortic arch into the brachiocephalic trunk to get to the right upper limb - trunk divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery
171
subclavian artery
- blood travels from the aortic arch directly into its 3rd principal branch -> the left subclavian artery - to get to the left upper limb - arises from the aortic arch immediately after the origin of the left common carotid artery - on both sides of the body the subclavian artery runs laterally between the clavicle and first rib - past the rib the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery
172
axillary artery
- past the edge of the rib the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery - runs through the axilla - past the lower edge of the teres major muscle it takes on another name -> brachial artery
173
brachial artery
- past the lower edge of the teres major muscle the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery - runs along the medial side of the arm - above the elbow the brachial artery emerges from underneath the bicep brachii muscle onto the front of the brachialis muscle -> pulse felt here - continues distally into cubital fossa -> divides into two branches just below the elbow
174
radial artery
- one branch of the brachial artery - runs along the tendon of the brachioradialis muscle to cross the distal end of the radius - pulse is most easily felt here - crosses the wrist through the anatomical snuff box and then divides into 2 main branches -> deep palmar arch and ulnar artery
175
deep palmar arch
- a branch of the radial artery | - supplies the deep hand muscles
176
ulnar artery
- branch of the radial artery - turns posteriorly to supply the back of the hand - runs medially and deeply underneath the pronator teres muscle and between the flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus muscles - runs with the ulnar nerve across the flexor retinaculum of the wrist and in the hand becomes the superficial palmar arch
177
superficial palmar arch
- branched from the ulnar artery | - supplies the superficial hand muscles
178
deep veins: upper arm
- run alongside the arteries - venae comitantes - named according to artery they accompany - continuous with superficial veins that feed them - basilic vein is joined on the medial side of the arm by the venae comitantes of the axillary artery to become the axillary vein - axillary vein is joined by the cephalic vein to become the subclavian vein - subclavian veins on both sides of body are symmetrical in terms of their structure -> join the roots of the external and internal jugular veins to form the brachiocephalic vein - left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava which drains directly into the heart
179
superficial veins
- run in the superficial fascia and subcutaneous tissue - cephalic vein - basilic vein - median cubital vein - median antebrachial vein - drain into deep veins
180
cephalic vein
- drains the back of the hand - arises on the posterolateral side of the wrist -> turns to run up the anterior and lateral aspect of the forearm - crosses the elbow in front of the lateral epicondyle on the humerus and runs upward along the lateral edge of the biceps brachii -> turns onto the front of the shoulder between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles - empties into the axillary vein
181
basilic vein
- major superficial vein on the medial side of the arm - arises on the medial side of the wrist and runs upward along the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle -> crosses the elbow in front of the medial epicondyle of the humerus -> continues proximally between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles - joined by the median cubital vein in the cubital fossa on the anterior aspect of the elbow - basilic bein in continuous with the axillary vein, which is joined by the cephalic vein to become the subclavian vein
182
median cubital vein
- large anastomotic channel between the cephalic and basilic veins - leaves the cephalic vein just distal to the elbow -> crosses the cubital fossa - joins the basilic vein just above the medial epicondyle of the humerus - used to draw blood
183
median antebrachial vein
- drains the palm of the hand | - arises on the ventral surface of the wrist and runs straight up the forearm to empty into the median cubital vein
184
upper limb=
pectoral girdle + free part
185
pectoral girdle=
scapula + clavicle
186
supraglenoid tubercle
- origin of long head of biceps brachii | - bump above the glenoid fossa
187
infraglenoid tubercle
- origin site of the long head of tricep brachii | - below glenoid fossa
188
intertubercular sulcus
-tendon of the long head of bicep brachii will pass through here
189
deltoid tuberosity
-where the deltoid attaches
190
glenohumeral joint
- humeral head and glenoid fossa - articulating surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage - tendon of long head of bicep brachii pierces the joint capsule - synovial - most mobile joint - some stability from rotator cuff muscles as well as from ligaments - dislocation
191
sternoclavicular joint ligaments
- intercalvicular ligament - costoclavicular ligament - sternoclavicular ligament
192
acromioclavicular joint ligaments
- acromioclavicular ligament - coracoclavicular ligament - coracoacromial ligament
193
shoulder dislocation
-at the glenohumeral joint
194
shoulder separation
- happens at the acromioclavicular joint | - displacement of the clavicle
195
arm flexors
- anterior part of deltoid - pectoralis major - biceps brachii - coracobrachialis
196
arm extensors
- posterior part of deltoid - teres major - latissimus dorsi - long head of triceps brachii - pectoralis major- sternocostal head, but only from a flexed position
197
short head and medial head
- do not cross the shoulder joint -> cannot extend the shoulder - long head does -> extends
198
arm abductors
- run medio-laterally, superior to the glenohumeral joint - middle part of deltoid - inserts on humerus - supraspinatus - deltoid
199
arm adductors
- run medio-laterally inferior to the glenohumeral joint - pectoralis major - latissimus dorsi - teres major - coracobrachialis - short head of biceps brachii
200
medial rotators of the arm
- medial rotators wrap around humerus - latissimus dorsi - teres major - subscapularis pectoralis major
201
lateral rotators of the arm
- posteriorly - lateral rotators also wrap around humerus - teres minor - infraspinatus
202
compartment
-group of muscles surrounded by a thickened layer of deep fascia
203
anterior compartment of the arm
- biceps brachii - coracobrachialis - brachialis - musculocutaneous nerve - flexion - brachial artery
204
posterior compartment of the arm
- triceps brachii - long head - medial head - lateral head - anconeus - radial nerve - deep brachial artery
205
carpi=
wrist
206
digitorum=
fingers
207
profundus=
deep
208
superficialis=
superifical
209
brevis=
short
210
pollicis=
thumb
211
minimi=
pinky
212
opponens=
opposition
213
anterior compartment of forearm
- pronator teres - plexor carpi radialis - palmaris longus (middle finger) - flexor carpi ulnaris (ring finger) - middle layer- flexor digitorum superficialis - attach to medial epicondyle of humerus - flexors
214
deep layer of forearm
- flexor digitorum profundus - flexor pollicis longus - pronator quadratus - flexors except pronator quadratus
215
posterior compartment of forearm
``` superficial layer -brachioradialis (exception- flexor) -extensor carpi radialis longus -extensor carpi radialis brevis -extensor digitorum -extensor digiti minimi -extensor carpi ulnaris deep layer -supinator -abductor pollicis longus -extensor pollicis brevis -extensor pollicis longus -extensor indicis -radial nerve ```
216
anatomical snuffbox
- Border- abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis (lateral border-thumb) and extensor pollicis longus (medial border) - contents- radial artery
217
muscles of the hand: ventral
``` Thenar eminence- thumb -flexor pollicis brevis -abductor pollicis brevis -opponens pollicis (deepest) Hypothenar eminence- pinky -flexor digiti minimi brevis -abductor digiti minimi -opponens digiti minimi Lumbricals -4 Interossei- 7- palmar and dorsal: PAD- palmar adduct DAB- dorsal abduct ```
ANP 300
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