Upper GI

Question 1

Overview of Upper GI tract

Answer 1

Oral Cavity → Pharynx → Oesphagus → Stomach

Question 2

Function of oral cavity

Answer 2

Receives food + prepares it for further digestion

Question 3

Oral fissure?

Answer 3

opening between lips (diameter controlled by facial expression muscle)

Question 4

Oropharyngeal isthmus?

Answer 4

opening to oesophagus

Question 5

Oral Vestibule?

Answer 5

Space between lips / cheeks and gums / teeth

Question 6

Which salivary gland opens into oral vestibule?

Answer 6

Parotid

Question 7

What is the oral cavity split into?

Answer 7

Roof, Floor, Cheeks

Question 8

Hard Palette?

Answer 8

Bony plate separating nasal cavity from oral cavity (roof of oral cavity)

Question 9

Soft Palette?

Answer 9

Muscular structure acting as a valve (can lower to close oropharyngeal isthmus + elevates to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx)

Question 10

Function of cheeks of oral cavity?

Answer 10

Buccinator muscles contract = keep food between teeth while chewing

Question 11

Muscular diaphragm of oral cavity floor + geniohyoid muscles?

Answer 11

Pull larynx forward during swallowing

Question 12

Frenulum of tongue?

Answer 12

fold in oral mucosa connecting the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

Question 13

Hard Palette Innervation

Answer 13

Trigeminal Nerve → Maxillary Nerve → Greater Palatine Nerve + Nasopalatine Nerve → HARD PALETTE

Question 14

Soft Palette Innervation

Answer 14

Trigeminal Nerve → Maxillary Nerve → Lesser Palatine Nerve → SOFT PALETTE

Question 15

Tongue Innervation

Answer 15

Trigeminal Nerve → Mandibular Nerve → Lingual Nerve → TONGUE

Question 16

Cheeks Innervation

Answer 16

Trigeminal Nerve → Mandibular Nerve → Buccal Nerve → CHEEKS

Question 17

Salivary Glands? (3)

Answer 17

Parotid Glands
Sublingual Glands
Submandibular Glands

Question 18

Parotid Gland Arterial supply

Answer 18

External Carotid Artery → Posterior Auricular Artery + Superficial Temporal Artery → PAROTID GLAND

Question 19

Parotid Venous Drainage

Answer 19

PAROTID GLAND → Retromandibular Vein → Superficial Temporal Vein + Maxillary Vein

Question 20

Parasympathetics of Parotid

Answer 20

Parasympathetic = more saliva 
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (synapses with) Octic Ganglion (carries parasympathetic fibres to) Parotid Gland

Question 21

Sympathetics of Parotid

Answer 21

Sympathetic = inhibits saliva (by vasoconstriction)

From Sup. Cervical Ganglion (fibres from ganglion travel along) External Carotid Artery (to the) Parotid Gland

Question 22

Sensory innervation of Parotid

Answer 22

Sensory Innervation = Auriculotemporal Nerve + Great Auricular Nerve

Question 23

where are the sublingual glands?

Answer 23

On the oral cavity floor (under the tongue)

Both glands unite in horseshoe shape around lingual frenulum

Question 24

Sublingual fossa?

Answer 24

= shallow groove formed by glands on the surface of the mandible

Question 25

Sublingual fold?

Answer 25

= elevated crest of mucosa membrane in superior aspect of the horseshoe (where sublingual glands unite)

Question 26

Where do secretions of sublingual drain? How?

Answer 26

Secretions drain into oral cavity by the minor sublingual ducts (extend to form sublingual papillae either side of frenulum)

Question 27

Sublingual Gland Arterial Supply (2)

Answer 27

External Carotid Artery → Lingual Artery → Sublingual Artery → SUBLINGUAL GLANDS External Carotid Artery → Facial Artery → Submental Artery → SUBLINGUAL GLANDS

Question 28

Sublingual Venous Drainage (2)

Answer 28

SUBLINGUAL GLANDS → Sublingual Vein → Lingual Vein → External Jugular Vein SUBLINGUAL GLANDS → Submental Vein → Facial Artery → External Jugular Vein

Question 29

Sublingual + submandibular parasympathetics (including post-ganglionic)

Answer 29

Sup. Salivatory Nucleus (through presynaptic fibres via) chorda tympani of Facial Nerve (which unite with) Lingual Branch of Mandibular Nerve (synapsing at) Submandibular Ganglion Postganglionic innervation = secretomotor fibres (directly induce secretions) + vasodilator fibres (accompany arteries to increase blood supply)

Question 30

sublingual + submandibular sympathetics

Answer 30

Sup. Cervical Ganglion (post-synaptic vasoconstrictive fibres travel as a plexus to) Internal / External Carotid Arteries + Facial Artery + Sublingual / Submental Arteries Reduces blood flow through vasoconstriction

Question 31

submandibular gland arms (2)

Answer 31

Superficial arm + Deep arm | Hook around Mylohyoid muscle

Question 32

superficial arm of submandibular

Answer 32

Greater portion of gland | Within impression of submandibular fossa (outside oral cavity boundary)

Question 33

deep arm of submandibular

Answer 33

Hooks around posterior margin of mylohyoid + lateral surface of hyoglossus (lateral to root of tongue)

Question 34

where is submandibular saliva secreted

Answer 34

Secretions travel from submandibular ducts → oral cavity (via submandibular ducts)

Question 35

submandibular arterial supply (2)

Answer 35

External Carotid Artery → Facial Artery → Submental Artery → SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS External Carotid Artery → Lingual Artery → Sublingual Artery → SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS

Question 36

submandibular venous supply (2)

Answer 36

SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS → Submental Vein → Facial Vein → Internal Jugular Vein SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS → Sublingual Vein → Lingual Vein → Internal Jugular Vein

Question 37

what is the pharynx? 3 parts?

Answer 37

Muscular tube connecting oral and nasal cavity to larynx + oesophagus (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)

Question 38

Where is the oropharynx?

Answer 38

between soft palette + sup. border of epiglottis

Question 39

Where is the larygnopharynx?

Answer 39

Between sup. Border of Epiglottis + inf. Border of Cricoid Cartilage

Question 40

Types of muscle in pharynx? (2) + description

Answer 40

1) circular constrictor muscles ( form incomplete muscular circle attaching to structures in the neck) 2) longitudinal (Act to shorten + widen pharynx + elevate larynx during swallowing)

Question 41

where are sup, middle, inf pharyngeal constrictors?

Answer 41

sup = oro | middle + inf = laryngo

Question 42

Stylopharyngeus (longitudinal muscle)?

Answer 42

Arises from styloid process of temporal bone (inserts into pharynx) Innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 43

Palatopharyngeneus (longitudinal muscle)?

Answer 43

Arises from hard palate of oral cavity Inserts into pharynx Innervated by vagus nerve

Question 44

Salpingopharyngngeus (longitudinal muscle)?

Answer 44

Arises from Eustachian tube Inserts into pharynx Innervated by vagus nerve

Question 45

stage 1 Degluttination

Answer 45

Voluntary Bolus pushes against hard palate Pushed from mouth into oropharynx by tongue muscle

Question 46

stage 2 Degluttination

Answer 46

Involuntary Soft palate is elevated (blocks off nasopharynx) Muscles of pharynx widen + shorten (to receive bolus)

Question 47

stage 3 Degluttination

Answer 47

Sequential contraction of all 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles Forces bolus into oesphagus

Question 48

Pharynx arterial supply (3)

Answer 48

External Carotid Artery → ascending pharyngeal artery → PHARYNX External Carotid Artery → branches of facial artery → PHARYNX External Carotid Artery → branches of lingual + maxillary arteries→ PHARYNX

Question 49

Pharynx venous drainage

Answer 49

PHARYNX → pharyngeal venous plexus → internal jugular vein

Question 50

Sensory + motor innervation of pharynx

Answer 50

Sensory innervation = from glossopharyngeal nerve | Motor innervation = by vagus nerve (except for stylopharyngeus)