Upper Limb

Question 1

What joint is the wrist?

Answer 1

Radiocarpal

Question 2

What type of joint is the radoiocarpal joint?

Answer 2

ellipsdoi biaxial synovial joint

Question 3

How is the wrist joint reinforced?

Answer 3

• radial and ulnar collateral ligaments

- Doral and plasmar (volar) radiocanal ligaments

Question 4

What does the wrist joint permit?

Answer 4

• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• adduction
• circumduction

Question 5

What are the ligaments are in the radiocapral ligament?

Answer 5

1. Long radiolunate ligament
2. Short radiolunate ligament
3. Radioscaphocapitate ligaments

Question 6

What are the ligaments in the palmar ulnocarpal ligament?

Answer 6

1. ulnolunate ligament
2. ulnocapitate ligament
3. ulnotriquetral ligament

Question 7

What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?

Answer 7

biaxial saddle (sella) joint (with trapezium_

Question 8

What does the carpotemetacarpal joint of the thumb allow?

Answer 8

• felxion
• extension
• abduction
• adduction
• circumduction

Question 9

What type of joints are the other four carpometacarpal joint?

Answer 9

plane synovial joints that permit gliding movements

Question 10

What could a fracture of the surgical neck of humorous cause?

Answer 10

• The region just below the lesser tubercle
• May injure axillary nerve of brachial plexus
• Fracture of clavicle usually happen from outstretched arm in middle third

Question 11

What is special about the clavicle?

Answer 11

1. 1st bone to ossify but the last bone to fuse and is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification
   - one of the most commonly fractured bones.

Question 12

What does the deltoid tuberosity allow?

Answer 12

Midshaft on the humerus is the deltoid tuberosity, the insertion point for the deltoid muscle

Question 13

What type of joint is the shoulder?

Answer 13

multiaxial synovial ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint

Question 14

What movements are in the shoulder joint?

Answer 14

• abduction
• adduction
• circumduction
• felxion
• extension
• rotation

Question 15

How many tendon are on rotator cuff?

Answer 15

• 4 tendons help stabilise joint
• The 4 tendons of the rotator cuff muscles reinforce the joint posteriorly, superiorly, and midanteriorly (subscapularis tendon).

Question 16

What type of joint is the acromiocalvicular joint?

Answer 16

A synovial plane joint between acromion and clavicle

Question 17

What movement does the acromiocalvicualr joint allow?

Answer 17

This joint permits gliding movement as the arm is raised and the scapula rotates

Question 18

Why does the shoulder dislocate?

Answer 18

• Because of the wide range of motion at the shoulder and its rather shallow glenoid cavity, this joint is one of the most frequently dislocated joints in the body
• This glenohumeral joint usually dislocates in an anterior or anteroinferior direction (subcoracoid dislocation) and can place the axillary and musculocutaneous nerves of the brachial plexus at risk for injury

Question 19

What is the glenoid cavity deepened by?

Answer 19

The glenoid cavity is deepened by the presence of the glenoid labrum (lip)

Question 20

How is blood supplied to the shoulder?

Answer 20

by branches of the suprascapular, humeral circumflex, and scapular circumflex arteries

Question 21

Why are bursae clinically significant?

Answer 21

• Bursae are synovial-lined, fluid-filled enclosed cushions that protect tendons and ligaments from injury related to frictional movement over adjacent bony projections or other rough surfaces
• They may become infected, fill with fluid, and become quite painful

Question 22

What type of shoulder dislocations are allowed?

Answer 22

Posterior

Question 23

When can dislocations of shoulders happen?

Answer 23

• Dislocations of the elbow may be accompanied by fractures of the humeral epicondyle, olecranon (ulna), radial head, or coronoid process of the ulna
• The median or ulnar nerve of the brachial plexus, or both, may be injured in elbow dislocations or fractures

Question 24

When do dislocations of the radius and ulna happen?

Answer 24

• Fractures of the proximal radius usually involve the head or neck of the radius.
• Ulnar fractures often occur from a direct blow to or forced pronation of the forearm and involve the ulnar shaft.

Question 25

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

Answer 25

uniaxial synovial hinge (ginglymus) joint

Question 26

What joints are in the elbow joint?

Answer 26

1. humeroradial joint (between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius) 2. the humeroulnar joint (between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna) 3. proximal uniaxial radioulnar synovial (pivot) joint that participates in supination and pronation (rotation).

Question 27

What are the movements about the elbow?

Answer 27

- flexion | - Extension

Question 28

How is the elbow joint stabilised?

Answer 28

1. The laterally placed radial collateral ligament and medially placed triangular ulnar collateral ligament 2. The anular ligament holds the head of the radius in place.

Question 29

What is the blood supply to the elbow?

Answer 29

by branches of the brachial artery and recurrent collateral branches of the radial and ulnar arteries

Question 30

What does the interserrous membrane contribute to?

Answer 30

to the radioulnar joint, a fibrous (syndesmosis) joint

Question 31

What are the anterior muscles of the forearm?

Answer 31

The anterior compartment muscles are largely flexors of the wrist and fingers and pronators

Question 32

What are the posterior muscles of the forearm?

Answer 32

- the posterior compartment muscles are extensors of the wrist and fingers and one is a supinator - Distally, the radius and the ulna display styloid processes.

Question 33

What is a Colle's fracture?

Answer 33

A Colles' fracture is a fracture of the distal radius, commonly occurring from a fall on an outstretched hand. In such fractures, the distal fragment of the radius is forced proximally and dorsally, resulting in a “dinner fork” deformity

Question 34

How many carpal bones are there?

Answer 34

8

Question 35

How many metacarpal bones are there?

Answer 35

5

Question 36

What bones articulate with the distal radius to form the radiocarpal wrist joint?

Answer 36

scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum

Question 37

What are the most common fractured bones in the hand?

Answer 37

- The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal - The scaphoid lies just below the "anatomical snuffbox" (dorsal region at the base of the thumb), so pain and swelling are common over this area - The 5th metacarpal is the most commonly fractured metacarpal, and the distal phalanx of the middle finger is the most commonly fractured digit of the hand.

Question 38

What joint is proximal to the wrist?

Answer 38

-Distal Radioulnar joint

Question 39

What type of joint is the radioulnar joint?

Answer 39

uniaxial synovial pivot (trochoid) joint between the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius

Question 40

What movement does the radioulnar joint allow?

Answer 40

- protonation | - supination

Question 41

What type of joint is the metacapophalangeal joint?

Answer 41

Biaxial condyloid synovial joints

Question 42

What movement does the metacapophalangeal allow?

Answer 42

- felxion - extension - Abduction - adduction - circumduction

Question 43

What is the capsule supported by?

Answer 43

Collateral and palmar (volar) ligaments

Question 44

How do collateral ligaments acts in flexion and extension?

Answer 44

- Flexion: tight | - Extension: loose

Question 45

What types of joints are the interinterphalangeal joints (proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal)?

Answer 45

uniaxial synovial hinge joints that participate in flexion and extension

Question 46

What do the palmar ligaments prevent?

Answer 46

hyperextension

Question 47

What dislocations are common?

Answer 47

- Dorsal dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint is fairly common - Palmar and rotational dislocations are uncommon but can occur - Distal dislocations or fractures of the distal interphalangeal joint may occur from a direct blow to the fingertip (mallet finger), as from a blow by a baseball or volleyball, often resulting in extensor tendon damage

Question 48

What do the interphalangeal joints for digits 2 through 5 include?

Answer 48

- proximal interphalangeal joint and a distal interphalangeal joint - These joints are uniaxial synovial hinge joints that are reinforced by palmar ligaments and 2 collateral ligaments - They permit flexion and extension

Question 49

When do fractures of metacarpals occur?

Answer 49

- Fractures of the metacarpals can occur from direct blows (boxer fractures) - They may not only disrupt the bones and ligaments but may also affect the pull of the muscle tendons that attach to the metacarpals - These fractures need to be carefully set so that optimal finger function can be achieved after the injury heals and the patient undergoes physical therapy.