what does urban mean?
towns and cities, people living and moving into towns and cities compared to rural areas
what does rural mean?
the countryside
what does suburban mean?
the outskirts of towns and cities
what does urban sprawl mean?
where towns and cities grow rapidly to fill a larger area
what does rural to urban migration mean?
the movement of people from the countryside to cities
what does urbanisation mean?
a rise in percentage of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas
what does counterurbanisation mean?
the movement of people away from living in urban areas
what does conurbation mean?
where urban sprawl has joined a city with smaller surrounding urban areas to form one huge urban space
what is classed as a megacity?
an area with over 10 million people
what is a world city?
city that has a significant impact on the global economy, culture and politics
why would the population in urban areas increase?
-access to resources is decreasing
-LIC’s looking for jobs
-harder to live and cope in rural areas
PUSH AND PULL FACTORS
what are some rural push factors?
-high unemployment rates
-lower wages
-physical and labour work
-poor access to education and healthcare
what are some urban pull factors?
-higher wages
-better facilities
-better living conditions
-better access to education and healthcare
what are some issues of living in the slums?
-lack of infrastructure
-low wages
-vulnerable to injury
-lack of education
-overcrowding
-unhygienic
-lack of foundations (unsafe, illegal property rights)
what would people have been doing before moving to urban areas?
working on farms, growing crops for their families
what has urban sprawl been correlated with?
-increased energy use
-pollution
-traffic congestion
how does natural increase affect the rate of urbanisation?
death rates have dropped due to better living standards
what are the effects of rapid urban growth in mega cities?
-economic powerhouses (services, job opportunities) = positive multiplier effect
-but infrastructure and services struggle, informal settlements established, air/water pollution
what are informal settlements?
forms of housing that is illegal or falls outside of government control (slums, shanty-towns, squatter-settlements)
where are informal settlements usually located?
-periphery of cities
-land not suitable for buildings
-can fill inland spaces closer to CBD
what is the housing like in informal settlements?
unplanned, congested, unstable, vulnerable to extreme weather and disease
what are the services like for informal settlements?
-lack of clean water, safe electric, sanitation, waste disposal, education, healthcare
what are features of the informal economy?
-workers have no employments rights
-little wages
-poor conditions
-vulnerable to exploitation
-don’t pay tax, so government cannot pay for services
