What is urbanisation
The rise in the percentage of people living in Urban areas (towns and cities), in comparison with rural areas
Give two examples for Urban growth
- Rural to Urban migration
- Natural increases
What is rural to urban migration
- Moving to a remote country
- Less jobs in rural -> Move for better opportunities
Name some push factors of Rural to Urban migration
- Not enough jobs
- Lack of services
- Few opportunities
- Rural poverty
- Drought and flooding
Name some pull factors of Rural to Urban migration
- More jobs available
- Better services
- Better opportunities (e.g. education)
- Better housing
What is a natural increase
When the birth rate is higher than the death rate
- In London the number of children under 5 increased by 24% from 2010 to 2011
Issues in the developing Urban Areas
- Poor sanitation
- More informal housing
- Money leaves Urban to rural families
- High crime
- Skill shortages
- More food miles
Issues in the developed Urban Areas
- Housing shortages
- Overcrowding
- Energy demand
- Pressure on jobs
- Traffic congestion
- Pollution
- High population density
Planning solution for Housing
- Build 240,000 on green/brown filed land
- E.g. Great Park (2,500)
+ 1,500 jobs
+ Adjacent to A1 - good access
+ Potentially 27km of cycle tracks - Average cost is more than average wage
- Other Areas could be used (Byker. Scotswood)
- Traffic values will increase
Evaluation for housing
- Greenbelt is protected \+ Pressure on inner cities \+ Space on greenfield land (cheap) \+ More sustainable (greenfield) \+ Land is cheaper on the outside of the city \+ Stops loss of countryside - Costly to clean up brownfield land
Planning solution of Inner cities and government policy
- TWDC- improve areas making them more attractive
- West end city challenge - ( extension of Newcastle brewery, alarms for students)
Evaluation of Inner cities and government policy
TWDC- Improved quality of area and created jobs.
- 280 jobs.
- Students failing to achieve
Planning solution of traffic
- Scrappage schemes
- Increase number of lanes (A1)
- Congestion charges (Durham pay to entre)
- Metro, buses
Evaluation of traffic
- 30% decrease in amount of cars use in London
- Bikes encouraged people, not successful in winter
- Metro -> doesn’t pollute
- Bikes -> cheap, accessible, convenient
Planning solution of Revitalising the CBD
Pedestrians - restrict vehicles = good air quality
Shopping centres - Covered - People still shop
Quality of environment - Furniture, benches paving
Gentrifying - Building’s look nicer, historic feel e.g. Quayside
Regeneration - Flagship shopping centres (Gate, inTu Eldon square)
Evaluation of Revitalising the CBD
- More people shop in Eldon Square
- Quayside is for leisure
Ethnic segregation and multiculturalism planning solution
- Leaflets in other languages (included/ access services)
- Interpreters in hospitals etc.
- Services for different cultures (female doctors)
Ethnic segregation and multiculturalism Evaluation
Interpreters - Insures people aren’t segregated/ costly
Communication - No barriers in decision making/ encourages integration
Services - Costly/ difficult
English classes - Breaks barriers/ prevents racism/ stops need for interpreters
Sustainable Urban strategies
- Recycling water (toilet systems NCL UNI)
- Brownfield sites (Brings people to the area QUAYSIDE)
- Reducing use of fossil fuels (Qlink buses -> hybrid)
- Provide green space (MOOR, JESOMND)
- Conserving cultural/ historical environment (GREY STREET, brings tourist -> money)
How is bedZED in London sustainable?
- Recycled building materials
- Facing south (Solar panels)
- Using 300 mm insulation jackets on buildings
- Low energy lighting and appliances throughout
- Energy tracking metres (Kettle numbers)
- Roof gardens, rain water harvesting
- Green transport plan (Avoiding unsustainable things e.g. roads)
- ZEDcars Two people+ fast car lanes, reduce amount of cars
