Micturate
To urinate
Polyuria
Excessive production of urine
Oliguria
Reduced urine output
Anuria
Absence of urine production
Dysuria
Painful or difficult urination
Proteinuria
Protein in the urine
Urolithiasis
Uroliths/ urinary crystals present
Glucosuria
Glucose in the urine
Haematuria
Blood in urine
Non - sterile sample collection
- Natural urination
-Manual expression
Sterile sample collection
- Catheterisation
-Cystocentesis
Urine Storage
- Examine 1hr of collection
-Refrigerate at 4-8 degrees for no more than 6hrs
Storage container
- Universal container (white top)
-Boric container (red top)
Plain sample pots
- Sterile universal pot
-Microscopic examination
-Urine specific gravity
Boric acid sample pot
- Red top
- Used for microbiological testing
Colour
-Normally pale
-Green= bile pigments
-Red= RBC
-Pigmented medications can alter color
Turbidity
-Idicates a higher than normal concentration of one of the following:
-cells
-crystals
-bacteria
-casts
Smell
- Freshly voided should be odourless
-If smells it indicates infection
Canine normal pH
5.2-6.8
Canine normal SG
1.015-1.045
Feline normal pH
6.0-7.0
Feline normal SP
1.020-1.060
Crystals
-Cystitis
-urolithiasis
-Haematuria
Triple Phosphate
-Coffin lid appearance
-Akaline to slightly acidic urine
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Laboratory health and safety13
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Blood Analysis18
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Urinalysis28
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Faecal Analysis18
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Hair and Skin12
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Packaging and Commercial5
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Radiography Health and Safety14
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Physics of Radiography20
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Positioning of Radiography4
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Calculations of Radiography12
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Digital Radiography15
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Evaluation of Images and Storage13
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Contrast Studies15
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Endoscopy14
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)5
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Computed Tomography (CT)5
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Scintigraphy6
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Ultrasound12
