Exam 2 cramming > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What leads to Albuminuria

A

Damage to glomerular capillaries

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2
Q

Lowered albumin in blood has what effect

A

Makes it hypotonic
Fluid moves via osmosis from blood into tissues
Blood volume DECREASES & interstitial fluid volume increases causing oedema

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3
Q

How is oedema caused

A

Glomerular capillaries damaged, become leaky
Leads to plasma protein loss -Albuminuria
Blood then becomes hypotonic, fluid leaks into tissues
Blood volume decreased interstitial fluid volume increases causing oedema

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4
Q

What is RENIN

A

An enzyme secreted by kidneys if BP too low

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5
Q

What does Renin do

A

Converts angiotensinogen from liver into angiotensin 1

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6
Q

What is ACE and what secretes it

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

Secreted by lungs & kidneys

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7
Q

What does angiotensin converting enzyme do

A

Converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2 it’s active form

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8
Q

Why do kidneys secrete renin if BP too low

A

Because require adequate pressure to filter blood

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9
Q

3 actions of angiotensin 2

A

Triggers vasoconstriction
Triggers pituitary gland to release ADH
stimulates adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone

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10
Q

2 actions of aldosterone

A

Causes kidneys to retain Na

And extrete K

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11
Q

Effect of retaining Na and excreting K in blood

A

Causes water retention

Increases blood volume & pressure

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12
Q

When is ADH secreted

A

Reduced water concentration in blood & lowered blood volume (sweating/haemorrhage)

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13
Q

Effect of ADH

A

Increases permeability of distal convoluted tubules, increasing water re absorption, rebalancing osmotic pressure

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14
Q

What is ANP

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Released from heart

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15
Q

When does heat release atrial natriuretic peptide

A

Large increase in blood volume/pressure

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16
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide is the opposite to

A

Angiotensin 2

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17
Q

Effect of calcitriol

A

Increases calcium & phosphorous absorption/retention

Increases bone calcification

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18
Q

Plasma protein loss

A

Albuminuria

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19
Q

definition glomerular sclerosis

A

scarring/fibrosis of glomerular capillaries

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20
Q

scarring/fibrosis glomerular capillaries

A

glomerular sclerosis

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21
Q

definition nephrotic syndrome

A

leaky glomeruli

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22
Q

leaky glomeruli

A

nephrotic syndrome

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23
Q

2 causes glomerular sclerosis

A

diabetes (end stage)

glomerulonephritis

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24
Q

5 causes nephrotic syndrome

A 
glomerulonephritis
diabetic glomerulsclerosis
systemic lupus erythmatosus
infections (malaria. hepatitis)
drug treatments
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25
``` glomerulonephritis diabetic glomerulosclerosis systemic lupus erythmatosus infections drug treatments cause ```
nephrotic sydrome
26
s/sx glomerular sclerosis
congestion of glomerular capillaries inhibits blood flow | leads to high BP as kidneys produce more renin to increase blood flow & restore GFR
27
congestion of glomerular capillaries inhibits blood flow leads to high BP as kidneys produce more renin to increase blood flow & restore GFR
glomerular sclerosis
28
s/sx nephrotic syndrome
albumiuria - low plasma osmotic pressure & hypotonic capillaries so fluid moves into tissues throughout body - oedema weight gain, pallor
29
nephrotic syndrome BP?
Normal
30
glomerular sclerosis BP?
high
31
blood urea & creatinine nephrotic syndrome
normal
32
albuminuria - low plasma osmotic pressure & hypotonic capillaries, blood flows into tissues - oedema weigh gain, pallor normal BP normal blood urea, creatinine
nephrotic syndrome
33
treatment glomerular sclerosis
treat cause
34
treat nephrotic syndrome
glucocorticoids
35
5 other bodily indicators renal pathology
``` oedema headaches exhaustion nausea vomiting ```
36
4 characteristics of appearance of patient with renal problems
pale puffy face bags under eyes swollen hands/feet
37
blood test - 4 typical findings with urinary tract problems
anaemia low K, Na, Ca high urea high creatinine
38
painful burning urination
dysuria
39
large quantity of urine
polyuria
40
little urine
oliguria
41
no urine
anuria
42
albumin in urin
albuminuria
43
bacteria in urine
bacteriuria
44
waking to urinate in the night
nocturia
45
blood in urine
haematuria
46
4 s/sx UTI
``` dysuria suprapubic pain haematuria cloudy, smelly urine frequent urge to go ```
47
what found in urine dipstick test for UTI
nitrates | WBCs, RBCs
48
``` dysuria suprapubic pain haematuria cloudy, smelly urine frequent urge to go ```
UTI
49
``` pain in lower back dysuria frequent urge to go - only passing small amounts dark, smelly, cloudy urine systemic - malaise, nausea, fever ```
cystitis (acute)
50
5 sx acute cystitis
``` pain in lower back dysuria frequent urge to go - only passing small amounts dark, smelly, cloudy urine systemic - malaise, nausea, fever ```
51
what would come up on dipstick for cystitis
bacteria, WBCs, maybe blood
52
what causes chronic cystitis
older men | enlarged prostate obstructs urine flow causing residual urine
53
collective term for inflammatory disorders of kidney
glomerulonephritis
54
cause glomerulonephritis
autoimmune - usually 1-3 wks after bacterial infection
55
antigen-antibody immune complexes formed in response to reaction deposited in glomeruli - damages leads to leaky capillaries & excessive cell proliferation kidneys affected symmetrically protein & RBCs escape into urine congestion in glomeruli caused by fibrin deposits, platelet aggregation - slows GFR
glomerulonephritis
56
pathophysiology glomerulonephritis
antigen-antibody immune complexes formed in response to reaction deposited in glomeruli - damages leads to leaky capillaries & excessive cell proliferation kidneys affected symmetrically protein & RBCs escape into urine congestion in glomeruli caused by fibrin deposits, platelet aggregation - slows GFR
57
``` back pain dark cloudy urine oliguria facial, periorbital oedema increased BP systemic - tiredness, headaches, fever, nausea ```
Glomerulonephritis
58
6 sx glomerulonephritis
``` back pain dark cloudy urine oliguria facial, periorbital oedema increased BP systemic - tiredness, headaches, fever, nausea ```
59
why facial & periorbital oedema in glomerulonephritis
Na & water retention
60
why increased BP glomerulonephritis
carring/fibrosis of glomerular capillaries decreases blood flow through the kidneys - decreases GFR - kidneys secrete renin to raise BP
61
3 conditions glomerulonephritis likely to present with
glomerular scarring - sclerosis nephrotic syndrome nephritic syndrome
62
diabetic damage to large BVs
macro angiopathy
63
diabetic damage to small BVs
microangiopathy
64
how to diagnose diabetic kidney
albuminuria
65
``` initially none fatigue, nasea, vomiting itchy skin metal taste in mouth heartburn oedema in limbs eyelids ```
diabetic kidney
66
6 sx diabetic kidney
``` initially none fatigue, nasea, vomiting itchy skin metal taste in mouth heartburn oedema in limbs eyelids ```
67
define acute pyelonephritis
acute microbial infection of renal pelvis/medulla has spread up from bladder renal pelvis/calyces fill with purulent exudate medulla is inflamed, abscesses, necrosis may be present
68
acute pyelonephritis - define - 4
acute microbial infection of renal pelvis/medulla has spread up from bladder renal pelvis/calyces fill with purulent exudate medulla is inflamed, abscesses, necrosis may be present
69
pyelonephritis symmetrical or one sided
often one sided
70
``` causes - infection speading up from bladder obstructed flow urine pregnancy diabetes gout medication abuse ```
acute pyelonephritis
71
diagnosis pyelonephritis urine & blood
urine - bacteriuria haematuria urinary casts blood - elevated ESR, WBCs
72
3 criteria to diagnose chronic pyelonephritis
pus in urine bacteria in urine high ESR
73
2 forms dialysis
haemodialysis | peritoneal dialysis
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