Urinary System Flashcards by Dalton Ridley

Renal Functions

The kidneys continuously monitor the blood to ensure
optimal properties of the blood.

Filtration

Reabsorption

Secretion

Excretion (through urine)

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Nephron

Kidneys each contain 1-4 million functional units called nephrons, each with a corpuscle and a long epithelial renal tubule with three main parts. The major divisions of each nephron are:

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubule, with several parts.

The remaining tubes are technically not part of the nephron:

Collecting tubules

Collecting ducts

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Renal corpuscle

A dilated part enclosing a glomerulus (tuft of capillary loops) and a two-layered capsule—an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer, entirely in the cortex; the site of blood filtration.

Between the layers is the capsular space (Bowman’s space), into which filtrate enters from the capillaries through the visceral layer.

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Renal tubule

Several parts. This is the site of secretion and re-
absorption.

Includes:

Proximal tubule

Loop of Henle ( in the medulla)

Distal tubule

Connecting tubule

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Connecting tubule

A part of the renal tubule a short tube linking the nephron to collecting ducts.

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Collecting tubules

Formed by merger of several connecting tubules.

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Collecting ducts

Formed from merger of collecting tubules.

These converge in the renal papilla, where they deliver urine to a minor
calyx, then to a major calyx, and then to the renal pelvis and then to the ureter.

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Renal Blood Supply

Renal A
Segmental A
Interlobar A
Arcuate A
Interlobular A
Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent Arteriole

Peritubular capillaries and Vasa recta (associated with loop of Henle)

Interlobular V
Arcuate V
Interlobar V
Renal V

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Microvasculature

Small interlobular arteries branch from the arcuate arteries and radiate out through the cortex
giving off the afferent arterioles

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Which three of the major functions of the kidneys are performed by specialized epithelial cells of the nephrons and collecting systems:

Filtration

Tubular secretion

Tubular reabsorption

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Filtration

Water and blood solutes move from the blood vessels to the lumen of the nephron; it is then called
filtrate. This takes place in the renal corpuscle.

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Tubular secretion

Substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumens.

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Tubular reabsorption

Substances move from the
lumen across the tubular epithelium into the interstitium and capillaries.

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Glomerular Filter

Glomerular blood pressure forces water and solutes to be filtered out of the blood.

The glomerular filter has three parts:

Fenestrated capillary endothelium

Thick basal lamina (glomerular basement membrane)

Filtration slits of visceral layer

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Glomerular filtrate

Includes glucose, amino acids, ions, urea, some
hormones, vitamins, and small proteins (but not large ones).

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Travelling through the Nephron

Filtrate
1. Capsular space

Tubular fluid

Proximal convoluted tubules
Descending limb of nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
Ascending limb of nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubules
Connecting tubules
Collecting duct (not part of nephron)

Urine

Papillary duct

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Proximal Convoluted
Tubule

Location: Cortex

Function: Re-absorption (into the peritubular capillaries) of all organic nutrients, all proteins, most water and electrolytes;
secretion of organic wastes, H+, and ammonia.

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Loop of Henle

Location: Medulla and Medullary rays

Function: The primary function of the loop of Henle is to produce concentrated urine by osmosis.

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Distal Convoluted Tubule

Location: Cortex

Function: Re-absorption of electrolytes (Na+ and Cl-)

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Collecting system Principal cells

Location: Medulla rays and medulla

Function: Regulated reabsorption of water and electrolytes; regulated secretion of K+ ions.

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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is a sensory structure which is an important regulator of blood pressure.

It is made of epithelial cells of the macula densa and smooth muscle cells
in the afferent arteriole called juxtaglomerular granular cells, which
secrete renin.

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What is Urine?

About 91-96% of urine consists of water.

The three main nitrogenous wastes of the mammalian body are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.

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Urea

The liver detoxifies ammonia by combining
ammonia molecules with carbon dioxide to form urea

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Uric acid

a product of metabolism of
purines, and it is a normal component of urine. In contrast to urea, it is mostly
insoluble in water.

High blood concentrations of uric acid can lead to gout and are associated with
diabetes and the formation of some types of kidney stones.

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Creatinine

A breakdown product of creatine phosphate from muscle metabolism. Creatinine is removed from the blood chiefly by the kidneys, primarily by glomerular filtration, but also by proximal tubular secretion.

Gout

A painful condition resulting from needle-like crystals of uric acid precipitating in joints, capillaries, skin, and other tissues

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

If the filtration in the kidney is deficient, creatinine blood levels rise. Therefore, creatinine levels in blood and urine may be used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a measure of how well the kidneys are working.

Bladder and Urethra

The muscularis consists of three poorly delineated layers, collectively called the detrusor muscle; it contracts to empty the bladder. There is an internal urethral sphincter muscle (involuntary) and an external urethral sphincter muscle (voluntary).

Cystitis

inflammation of the bladder mucosa, is the most frequent problem involving this organ. Common during UTI Chronic cystitis can cause an unstable urothelium (transitional epithelium)

Urinary tract infections

Usually involving coliform bacteria or Chlamydia, often produce urethritis and in women often lead to cystitis because of the short urethra.

How many times a day do the kidneys filter the entire blood supply?

How is blood filtered through the capillary walls of the glomerulus?

By blood pressure inside the capillary

Where is Bowman's capsule located?

Renal cortex

The space that collects the filtrate from Bowman's capsule is called the

Capsular space

Which of the four major functions of the kidney is NOT performed by specialized epithelial cells of the tubules?

Excretion

The tuft of capillaries that filters blood in the kidney is called the

Glomerulus

Juxtaglomerular granular (JG) cells, which are modified smooth muscle cells, produce renin, which is ultimately important in are important in regulating

Blood pressure

What is filtered from the blood into Bowman's capsule?

Glucose Ions Amino acids

The movement of urine through the ureter to the bladder is accomplished by...

Peristalsis

Where are podocytes located?

Glomerulus

The kidney is said to have an arterial portal system. The first capillary bed of this portal system is the:

Glomerulus

Bacterial infections of the urinary tract can lead to inflammation of the renal pelvis and calyces, called

Pyelonephritis

An infection in the renal pelvis could spread to renal corpuscle of the kidney by first passing through the:

Renal papilla

In males, which region of the urethra passes through the penis?

Spongy urethra

The unique stratified epithelium of the bladder that is resistant to the deleterious effects urine is called...

Urothelium

What is one function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts into the blood. Makes collecting ducts more permeable to water

# Reversed prompt The kidneys continuously monitor the blood to ensure optimal properties of the blood. Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Excretion (through urine)

Renal Functions

# Reversed prompt Kidneys each contain 1-4 million functional units called nephrons, each with a corpuscle and a long epithelial renal tubule with three main parts. The major divisions of each nephron are: Renal corpuscle Renal tubule, with several parts. The remaining tubes are technically not part of the nephron: Collecting tubules Collecting ducts

Nephron

# Reversed prompt A dilated part enclosing a glomerulus (tuft of capillary loops) and a two-layered capsule—an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer, entirely in the cortex; the site of blood filtration. Between the layers is the capsular space (Bowman's space), into which filtrate enters from the capillaries through the visceral layer.

Renal corpuscle

# Reversed prompt Several parts. This is the site of secretion and re- absorption. Includes: Proximal tubule Loop of Henle ( in the medulla) Distal tubule Connecting tubule

Renal tubule

# Reversed prompt A part of the renal tubule a short tube linking the nephron to collecting ducts.

Connecting tubule

# Reversed prompt Formed by merger of several connecting tubules.

Collecting tubules

# Reversed prompt Formed from merger of collecting tubules. These converge in the renal papilla, where they deliver urine to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx, and then to the renal pelvis and then to the ureter.

Collecting ducts

# Reversed prompt Renal A Segmental A Interlobar A Arcuate A Interlobular A Afferent Arteriole Glomerulus Efferent Arteriole Peritubular capillaries and Vasa recta (associated with loop of Henle) Interlobular V Arcuate V Interlobar V Renal V

Renal Blood Supply

# Reversed prompt Small interlobular arteries branch from the arcuate arteries and radiate out through the cortex giving off the afferent arterioles

Microvasculature

# Reversed prompt Filtration Tubular secretion Tubular reabsorption

Which three of the major functions of the kidneys are performed by specialized epithelial cells of the nephrons and collecting systems:

# Reversed prompt Water and blood solutes move from the blood vessels to the lumen of the nephron; it is then called filtrate. This takes place in the renal corpuscle.

Filtration

# Reversed prompt Substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumens.

Tubular secretion

# Reversed prompt Substances move from the lumen across the tubular epithelium into the interstitium and capillaries.

Tubular reabsorption

# Reversed prompt Glomerular blood pressure forces water and solutes to be filtered out of the blood. The glomerular filter has three parts: Fenestrated capillary endothelium Thick basal lamina (glomerular basement membrane) Filtration slits of visceral layer

Glomerular Filter

# Reversed prompt Includes glucose, amino acids, ions, urea, some hormones, vitamins, and small proteins (but not large ones).

Glomerular filtrate

# Reversed prompt Filtrate 1. Capsular space Tubular fluid 2. Proximal convoluted tubules 3. Descending limb of nephron loop (Loop of Henle) 4. Ascending limb of nephron loop (Loop of Henle) 5. Distal convoluted tubules 6. Connecting tubules 7. Collecting duct (not part of nephron) Urine 8. Papillary duct

Travelling through the Nephron

# Reversed prompt Location: Cortex Function: Re-absorption (into the peritubular capillaries) of all organic nutrients, all proteins, most water and electrolytes; secretion of organic wastes, H+, and ammonia.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

# Reversed prompt Location: Medulla and Medullary rays Function: The primary function of the loop of Henle is to produce concentrated urine by osmosis.

Loop of Henle

# Reversed prompt Location: Cortex Function: Re-absorption of electrolytes (Na+ and Cl-)

Distal Convoluted Tubule

# Reversed prompt Location: Medulla rays and medulla Function: Regulated reabsorption of water and electrolytes; regulated secretion of K+ ions.

Collecting system Principal cells

# Reversed prompt The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is a sensory structure which is an important regulator of blood pressure. It is made of epithelial cells of the macula densa and smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole called juxtaglomerular granular cells, which secrete renin.

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

# Reversed prompt About 91-96% of urine consists of water. The three main nitrogenous wastes of the mammalian body are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.

What is Urine?

# Reversed prompt The liver detoxifies ammonia by combining ammonia molecules with carbon dioxide to form urea

Urea

# Reversed prompt a product of metabolism of purines, and it is a normal component of urine. In contrast to urea, it is mostly insoluble in water. High blood concentrations of uric acid can lead to gout and are associated with diabetes and the formation of some types of kidney stones.

Uric acid

# Reversed prompt A breakdown product of creatine phosphate from muscle metabolism. Creatinine is removed from the blood chiefly by the kidneys, primarily by glomerular filtration, but also by proximal tubular secretion.

Creatinine

# Reversed prompt A painful condition resulting from needle-like crystals of uric acid precipitating in joints, capillaries, skin, and other tissues

Gout

# Reversed prompt If the filtration in the kidney is deficient, creatinine blood levels rise. Therefore, creatinine levels in blood and urine may be used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a measure of how well the kidneys are working.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

# Reversed prompt The muscularis consists of three poorly delineated layers, collectively called the detrusor muscle; it contracts to empty the bladder. There is an internal urethral sphincter muscle (involuntary) and an external urethral sphincter muscle (voluntary).

Bladder and Urethra

# Reversed prompt inflammation of the bladder mucosa, is the most frequent problem involving this organ. Common during UTI Chronic cystitis can cause an unstable urothelium (transitional epithelium)

Cystitis

# Reversed prompt Usually involving coliform bacteria or Chlamydia, often produce urethritis and in women often lead to cystitis because of the short urethra.

Urinary tract infections

Urinary System Flashcards

(76 cards)