Urinary System (8)

Question 1

components

Answer 1

1. aorta
2. renal artery
3. kidney
4. ureter
5. bladder
6. urethra

Question 2

kidney structure

Answer 2

1. renal capsule
2. cortex
3. medulla
4. renal column of bertin (b/t medulla pyramids)
5. renal papilla
6. minor calices
7. major calyx
8. renal pelvis
9. renal sinus (fat filled space)
10. hilum for all tubes/ducts/nerves

Question 3

renal capsule histology

Answer 3

two layers
1. outer = collagen + fibroblast
2. inner = collagen + myofibroblasts

myofibrils contractile and springy

Question 4

nephron components

Answer 4

1. renal corpuscle
2. proximal convoluted tubule
3. distal convoluted tubue
4. loops of henle w/ thin and thick ascending + descending

basic unit of kidney

Question 5

cortical labyrinth

Answer 5

has all the curly stuff aka renal corpuscle + both convoluted tubules + connecting tubule

Question 6

medullary rays

Answer 6

all the straight stuff aka tubules/limbs + collecting duct

extend from base of pyramid to cortex

Question 7

loops of henle

Answer 7

short loop and long loops

longer concentrate urine more than short

Question 8

uriniferous tubule

Answer 8

nephron + collecting duct

Question 9

kidney lobes

Answer 9

renal pyramid (medullary) + cortical arch + columns of bertin

Question 10

kidney lobule

Answer 10

collecting duct + all nephrons that empty into it

Question 11

corpuscle development

Answer 11

developing glomerulus w/ afferent and efferent tubes invaginates tubule

ends with visceral layer (of Bowman’s capsule) on glomerulus + parietal layer outer

Question 12

corpuscle components

Answer 12

1. afferent arteriole = blood into cap bed, larger
2. efferent arteriole = blood away, smaller since less from filtering
3. urinary space = filtrate diffuses into from cap bed, aka bowmans space
4. glomerulus = tufts of fenestrated capillaries surrounded by bowmans capsule

Question 13

filtration barrier

corpuscle

Answer 13

1. podocytes (primary) extend pedicels (secondary) around glomerulus for large moles
2. nephrin diaphragm b/t pedicels for small moles like proteins

podocytes form visceral layer of bowman capsule

Question 14

congenital nephrotic syndrome

Answer 14

mutation in nephrin gene so leaky diaphragm
-massive proteinuria > edema

Question 15

layer histology
-glomerulus

Answer 15

1. endothelial @inside cap bed = glycocalyx + glycoproteins
2. basement membrane = basal lamina
3. parietal epithelial cells = simple squamous

Question 16

intraglomerular mesangial cells

Answer 16

phagocytic
-resorbs basal lamina and crud

@ basement membrane/basal lamina b/t capillaries

Question 17

alport’s syndrome

Answer 17

aka hereditary glomerulonephritis
-mutation in gene for type IV collagen in glomeruli
=renal leaking, hematuria, proteinuria, progressive renal failure

Question 18

proximal convoluted tubules

Answer 18

ultrafiltrate pass from corpuscle into lumen of PCT via urinary pole

vascular pole at other end of bowmans capsule for blood

Question 19

PCT histology

Answer 19

cloudy looking, acidophilic cytoplasm, low mitochondria

cuboidal cells + microvilli for brush border

Question 20

loops of henle

Answer 20

PCT > thick descending limb of loop
so has same profile as PCT

thick ascending > DCT so same profile

thick = cuboidal VS thin = simple squamous

Question 21

vasa recta

Answer 21

arteries with RBCs that look like they have bubbles

Question 22

distal convoluted tubules

DCT

Answer 22

has clear lumen (more white space) and smaller cuboidal epi
-fewer microvilli
-more mitochondria
-ZO tight junctions

Question 23

macula densa

Answer 23

modified seg of distal tubule for renin secretion via juxtaglomerular cells

chemoreceptor cells sensitive to sodium chloride so imp for reg blood pressure

Question 24

juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 24

modified smooth muscle in tunica media of afferent arteriole

have granules of renin for BP regulation

jux. apparatus = macula densa + jux cells

Question 25

blood pressure fall pathway

Answer 25

1. in resp to low sodium: macula densa dilates afferent arterioles to inc flow in + instructs jux cells to release renin 2. renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 (mild vasoconstrictor to inc P) 3. ACE converts it to angiotensin 2 4. angiotensin 2 is potent vasoconstrictor, inc thirst, release aldosterone, release ADH, inhibit renin release, release prostaglandins so afferent stays dilated

Question 26

connecting tubules

Answer 26

simple cuboidal epi with basement membrane + supporting tissue multi connecting tubules enter into single collecting duct

Question 27

collecting ducts

Answer 27

columnar epi surrounded by renal interstitium with fibroblasts + macrophages + CT

Question 28

renal papilla

Answer 28

20 ducts of bellini open into papilla of pyramid = area cribosa covered by transitional epi

Question 29

calices

Answer 29

funnel shaped lined by transitional epi + has smooth muscle layer minor = urine from single pyramid major = urine from up to 4 minors

Question 30

ureter histology

Answer 30

star shaped lumen when empty with transitional epi -lamina propria -smooth muscle longitudinal inner and outer + circular for peristalsis -adventitia

Question 31

bladder layers

Answer 31

1. mucosa = transitional epi + lamina propria 2. muscularis = inner longitudinal + outer circular + outermost longitudinal | transitional have dome/umbrella surface cells

Question 32

urothelium cells

Answer 32

@umbrella/dome cells for accomodation have urothelial plaques + interplaque regions = impermeable barrier also has hinge regions + fusiform vesicles make jagged contours when empty

Question 33

male urethra

Answer 33

1. prostatic @ prostate gland lined by transitional epi 2. membranous @ perineal membrane lined by stratified columnar epi + pseudo columnar 3. spongy @ penis lined by stratified columnar + patches of pseudo and stratified squamous non keratin 4. glands of littre line urethra, mucous glands @ lamina propria

Question 34

penile urethral glands

Answer 34

glands of littre and bulbourethral glands of cowper lubricate urethral lumen nuclei of littre release mucous to clean urethra of urine prior to ejaculation

Question 35

female urethra

Answer 35

transitional epi near neck of bladder > stratified squamous nonkeratin epi + patches pseudo columnar numerous glands of littre