Urinary System Disorders

Question 1

What does cloudy urine typically indicate?

Answer 1

Presence of pus, bacteria, or infection

Question 2

What can dark-colored urine indicate?

Answer 2

Blood (hematuria), dehydration, or bilirubin

Question 3

What does foul-smelling urine suggest?

Answer 3

Infection or metabolic abnormalities

Question 4

What abnormal substances may be found in urine?

Answer 4

Protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bacteria

Question 5

What is the purpose of diuretics?

Answer 5

Increase urine output to remove excess fluid and sodium

Question 6

What is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 6

Hemodialysis: blood filtered through machine

Peritoneal dialysis: fluid exchange via peritoneum

Question 7

Why are dialysis patients at higher infection risk?

Answer 7

Frequent vascular access and exposure to pathogens

Question 8

Why may dialysis patients require prophylactic antibiotics?

Answer 8

Increased risk of infection during invasive procedures

Question 9

Why are females more prone to UTIs?

Answer 9

Shorter urethra and proximity to anus

Question 10

What are common risk factors for UTIs?

Answer 10

Urinary retention, catheterization, poor hygiene, obstruction

Question 11

Signs of cystitis (bladder infection)?

Answer 11

Dysuria, urgency, frequency, lower abdominal pain

Question 12

Signs of pyelonephritis?

Answer 12

Flank pain, fever, nausea, systemic infection signs

Question 13

What is glomerulonephritis?

Answer 13

Inflammation of glomeruli due to immune response

Question 14

Signs of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 14

Hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension

Question 15

What labs indicate glomerulonephritis?

Answer 15

Elevated BUN/creatinine, protein in urine

Question 16

What is nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 16

Condition with massive protein loss in urine leading to edema

Question 17

What is the most significant sign of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 17

Severe edema (anasarca)

Question 18

What causes renal calculi (kidney stones)?

Answer 18

Excess minerals (calcium, uric acid), dehydration

Question 19

Signs of renal calculi?

Answer 19

Severe flank pain, hematuria, nausea/vomiting

Question 20

Why are patients told to strain urine with kidney stones?

Answer 20

To collect stones for analysis

Question 21

What is hydronephrosis?

Answer 21

Dilation of the kidney due to urine backup

Question 22

What causes hydronephrosis?

Answer 22

Obstruction (stones, tumors, strictures)

Question 23

Major risk factor for urinary malignancy?

Answer 23

Smoking

Question 24

What is nephrosclerosis?

Answer 24

Hardening of renal arteries due to hypertension

Question 25

Causes of nephrosclerosis?

Answer 25

Chronic hypertension and vascular damage

Question 26

What is acute renal failure?

Answer 26

Sudden loss of kidney function

Question 27

Causes of acute renal failure?

Answer 27

Shock, infection, obstruction, ischemia

Question 28

Treatment for acute renal failure?

Answer 28

Treat cause, support function, dialysis if needed

Question 29

Causes of chronic renal failure?

Answer 29

Diabetes, hypertension, chronic inflammation

Question 30

What is end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?

Answer 30

Loss of >90% kidney function requiring dialysis or transplant

Question 31

What electrolyte imbalance is common in renal failure?

Answer 31

Hyperkalemia

Question 32

Why does anemia occur in renal failure?

Answer 32

Decreased erythropoietin production

Question 33

Why does metabolic acidosis occur in renal failure?

Answer 33

Inability to excrete acid and retain bicarbonate

Question 34

Why is there edema in renal failure?

Answer 34

Fluid retention and decreased protein levels

Question 35

Why do renal failure patients have bleeding issues?

Answer 35

Platelet dysfunction and uremia

Question 36

What cardiovascular complications occur in renal failure?

Answer 36

Hypertension, arrhythmias, heart failure

Question 37

What CNS symptoms occur in renal failure?

Answer 37

Confusion, lethargy, seizures

Question 38

Why are medications risky in renal failure patients?

Answer 38

Decreased clearance leads to toxicity

Question 39

What are the 3 processes of urine formation?

Answer 39

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Question 40

Elevated BUN and creatinine indicate what?

Answer 40

Decreased GFR → renal failure

Question 41

Most common cause of UTI?

Answer 41

E. coli