Urological Structures

Question 1

What do the uterers do?

Answer 1

Carry urine away from the kidneys to the bladder

Question 2

Why do the openings of the bladder close when urine accumulates?

Answer 2

To prevent back flow of urine towards the pelvis

Question 3

How many tissue layers is the walls of the ureters made up of?

Answer 3

3
- outer
- middle
- inner

Question 4

What is the outer covering of ureter made up from?

Answer 4

• fibrous connective tissue

Question 5

What is the middle layer of ureter made up of?

Answer 5

Smooth interlacing muscle

Question 6

What is the inner layer called?

Answer 6

Mucosa
Transitional epithelium

Question 7

How many layers makes up the bladder?

Answer 7

3
- outer
- middle
- inner

Question 8

What does the outer layer of the bladder consist of?

Answer 8

• loose connective tissue
• blood and lymphatic vessels

Question 9

What is the middle layer of bladder made from?

Answer 9

• interlacing smooth muscle fibres and elastic tissue
• arranged in layers

Question 10

What are the muscles in the middle bladder layer do? And what does it do?

Answer 10

Detrusor muscle
Allows distension (swelling) of the bladder as it fills

Question 11

What is the inner layer (mucosa) made up from?

Answer 11

Transitional epithelium

Rugae when empty

Question 12

What controls the outflow of urine?

Answer 12

The internal urine sphincter
Muscle layer in the upper urethra

Question 13

What is micturition?

Answer 13

Expelling urine

Question 14

How does micturition happen?

Answer 14

• accumulation of urine activates receptors in the bladder wall
• transmitted to spinal cord and to micturition centre in brain
• stimulates involuntary contraction and relaxation urethral spinchter

Question 15

Effect of progesterone and relaxin on ureters:

Answer 15

Relax the smooth muscle
Reduces peristalsis
Could cause ureters to kink, hindering urine flow

Question 16

How can the ureters become compressed?

Answer 16

The Gravid uterus

Question 17

Hydronephrosis

Answer 17

Kidney swelling due to urine build up

Question 18

Pyelonephritis

Answer 18

Bacterial infection of renal pelvis
Causes small abscesses

Question 19

What happens to the capacity of the bladder under the influence of progesterone?

Answer 19

Increases

Question 20

What happens to the urethra during Labour?

Answer 20

Elongates as bladder moves upwards into abdomen

Question 21

Causes of incontinence:

Answer 21

• over-distension of bladder during labour
• injury/ weakening to the pelvic floor
  -unrepaired second degree tears

Question 22

Anuria and oliguria

Answer 22

Anuria- absence of urine
Oliguria- urine output of less than 400 ml

Question 23

Dysuria

Answer 23

Pain on passing urine

Question 24

Method of MSU

Answer 24

• ask woman to wash hands and external genitalia
  -once she has passed a little bit of urine, catch the mid-stream in the sterile pot
• empty the rest of bladder
  -label sample with patient information and send for microculture and sensitivity (MC+S)