1
Q
predisposing factors for urinary tract stones
A
- malignancy
- sarcoid
- dehydration
- UTI
- urinary tract abnormalities - strictures
- BPH
- male
- familial disorders - cystinuria
- tumour lysis
- hypercalcuria
- hyperPTH
2
Q
BLOOD ix for urinary tract stone
A
- FBC with differential
- U&E
- inflammatory markers
- serum calcium
- serum PTH
- phosphate and uric acid levels
3
Q
URINE ix for urinary tract stone
A
- urine dipstick - hematuria and UTI
- mid stream culture
- 24 hr urine calcium and urate (depending on pt)
4
Q
Initial treatment of urinary tract stone
A
- IV fluids
- analgesia
- antiemetics
- alpha blocker
5
Q
which size stone will over pass spontaneously?
A
<5 mm
6
Q
indications for urinary stone removel?
A
- inadequate pain control despite adequete meds
- urosepsis
- renal injury
- persistant obstruction
- > 6 mm
7
Q
Definitive treatments of urinary tract stone?
A
- lithotripsy
- endoscopic stone retrieval
- percutonaeous nephrolithotomy
- open nephrolithotomy
8
Q
what is the gleason score for?
A
adenocarcinoma of the prostate
9
Q
what is a low grade gleason score?
A
<3
10
Q
what is a high grade gleason score?
A
> 7
11
Q
how does prostate adenocarcinoma spread?
A
- locally to the bladder and seminal vesicles
- hematogenously to the bone
12
Q
presentation of renal cell carcinoma?
A
- incidental on scan
- hematuria, mass, flank pain
- neoplastic syndrome: EPO, hypertension from increased renin
- varicocele
CORE SURG
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