Finasteride treatment of BPH, how long before results are seen?
6 months
management of urge incontinence
- bladder retraining (lasts for a minimum of 6 weeks, the idea is to gradually increase the intervals between voiding)
- antimuscarinics
oxybutynin (immediate release), tolterodine (immediate release) or darifenacin (once daily preparation)
mirabegron (a beta-3 agonist) – in elderly (to avoid constipation, dizziness, falls)
management of stress incontinence
- pelvic floor muscle training
NICE recommend at least 8 contractions performed 3 times per day for a minimum of 3 months - surgical procedures: e.g. retropubic mid-urethral tape procedures
- duloxetine may be offered to women if they decline surgical procedures
a combined noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake inhibitor
mechanism of action: increased synaptic concentration of noradrenaline and serotonin within the pudendal nerve → increased stimulation of urethral striated muscles within the sphincter → enhanced contraction
Schistosomiasis is a risk factor for what cancer
Squamous cell bladder
Gram positive cocci in clusters grown from the urine
Gram positive cocci in clusters grown from the urine is most likely to be S. saprophyticus. S. aureus is a common pathogen but is unusual in urinary infections.
what female condition can also cause secondary polycythaemia because it can secrete EPO?
Uterine fibroids
Finasteride effect on levels of serum prostate-specific antigen
decreased PSA
Chlamydia trachomatis manifestations
Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D through K: urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L1, L2 and L3* - Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
genital chlamydia and bowel symptoms (proctocolitis)
Finasteride treatment of BPH - how long before results are seen
6 months
what is the first-line management for BPH with bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms?
alpha-1 antagonist such as tamsulosin or alfuzosin.
