Urology

Question 1

Uric acid stones

Answer 1

patients with acidic urine (pH <5.5) and elevated uric acid levels (e.g., gout), as high uric acid excretion and low urine pH lead to supersaturation and stone formation.

Stones appear radiolucent on x-ray but are visible on CT.

Treatment: alkalinizing urine with potassium citrate or bicarbonate to pH 6-7 to dissolve stones.

Question 2

First-line treatment for urgency incontinence

Answer 2

Pelvic floor muscle exercises and bladder training. If symptoms persist, pharmacologic therapy (antimuscarinic or beta adrenergic agonists)

Question 3

Chronic prostatitis diagnosis

Answer 3

Two glass test, a urine sample is collected before and after prostatic massage.
A ten fold increase in bacterial concentration following the massga elocalizes the infection to the prostate.

Question 4

Acute bacterial prostatitis best therapy

Answer 4

6 weeks of therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or a fluoroquinolone is generally required to ensure eradication.

Question 5

Intraabdominal testicular torsion

Answer 5

Is suspected in patients with cryptorchidism and acute abdomen, with infants showing irritability, inconsolable crying, and abdominal pain.

Question 6

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

Answer 6

*Chronic pelvic pain for over 3 months without an identifiable cause.
*voiding difficulties, irritative voiding symptoms, pain with ejaculation, or blood in semen, no fever or prostate tenderness, and urinalysis and cultures are usually normal.
*etiology is unclear but may involve noninfectious chronic prostate inflammation.
*Diagnosis is by exclusion.
*Although a bacterial cause is unknown, antibiotics, alpha-adrenergic inhibitors, and 5-alpha-reductase.

Question 7

Urgency incontinence

Answer 7

Due to involuntary detrusor contractions, associated with overactive bladder.