What is the definition of an upper respiratory tract infection?
A nonspecific term for acute infections involving the ear, nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and trachea
These infections are common in adults and children, generally caused by viruses.
What are the common causes of upper respiratory tract infections?
- Rhinovirus
- Parainfluenza
Most viral infections are self-limiting and resolve spontaneously.
True or false: Most viral upper respiratory infections require specific antiviral treatment.
FALSE
They are usually managed symptomatically unless complications arise.
List the high-risk groups for complications from influenza.
- Adults and children with chronic health conditions
- Residents of nursing homes
- Adults ≥65 years
- Children <5 years
- Pregnant individuals
- Indigenous peoples
Indigenous populations face health inequities that increase their vulnerability.
What are the high-risk groups for complications from COVID-19?
- Older adults (60+ years)
- Pregnant individuals
- Persons with Down syndrome
- Individuals not fully immunized
- Persons with chronic medical conditions
- Immunocompromised individuals
- Individuals with obesity (BMI >40)
These groups have a greater risk of severe outcomes.
What are the high-risk groups for complications from respiratory syncytial virus?
- Very young infants (especially ≤6 months)
- Children <2 years with chronic lung disease
- Children with weakened immune systems
- Adults ≥65 years
- Adults with chronic heart or lung disease
- Adults living in nursing homes
These groups are more susceptible to severe infections.
What symptoms indicate the need for investigation of bacterial infection?
- Fever lasting >72 hours
- High fever
- Severe sudden throat pain
- Prolonged congestion (>7 days)
- Difficulty breathing
- Earache (especially in children)
- Double sickening
These signs help determine the need for antibiotics.
What are the initial symptoms of the common cold?
- Throat discomfort
- Nasal congestion
- Rhinorrhea
Nasal discharge starts clear and watery, becoming mucopurulent as the infection progresses.
How does pharyngitis differ from the common cold?
- Rapid onset of throat pain
- More severe pain
Acute sore throat infections are usually viral but can be bacterial if accompanied by other severe symptoms.
What indicates a possible bacterial rhinosinusitis?
- Symptoms persisting >7 days
- Symptoms worsening after initial improvement
- Prolonged nasal congestion
- Purulent drainage
Accompanied by fever, headache, and facial pain.
What symptoms are associated with COVID-19?
- Fever
- Cough
- Sore throat
- Anosmia
- Shortness of breath
Symptoms can range from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia.
What is the common symptom in most upper respiratory tract infections?
Cough
Cough may be caused by various conditions and requires thorough assessment if persistent.
What are the characteristics of allergic rhinitis?
- Sneezing
- Rhinorrhea
- Nasal congestion
- Eye symptoms (conjunctivitis, lacrimation)
It does not have an infectious etiology.
What are the possible signs and symptoms of croup?
- Barking cough
- Inspiratory stridor
- Dyspnea
- Fever
- Hoarseness
Symptoms often worsen at night.
What are the symptoms of epiglottitis?
- Sore throat
- Difficulty swallowing
- Fever
- Drooling
- Cyanosis
It is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.
What are the symptoms of otitis media?
- Earache
- Irritability
- Purulent drainage from ear
Often follows an upper respiratory tract infection.
What is the duration of symptoms for the common cold?
Usually 5–7 days, but 25% last 14 days
Symptoms can vary in duration and severity.
What is the duration of symptoms for COVID-19?
Up to 14 days, median incubation period of 4–7 days
Some individuals may experience prolonged symptoms.
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HIV PART 186
