Define immunology.
The branch of biomedical science that studies the immune system.
What is the primary function of antibodies?
To identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.
True or false: T cells are part of the adaptive immune response.
TRUE
T cells help in recognizing and destroying infected cells.
Fill in the blank: B cells produce _______.
antibodies
What is a pathogen?
An organism that causes disease, such as bacteria or viruses.
Define autoimmunity.
A condition where the immune system attacks the body’s own cells.
What do vaccines do?
They stimulate the immune system to develop immunity against specific pathogens.
True or false: Innate immunity is specific to particular pathogens.
FALSE
Innate immunity provides a general defense against all pathogens.
What is the role of macrophages?
To engulf and digest pathogens and dead cells.
Fill in the blank: Cytokines are _______ that mediate communication between cells.
proteins
Define humoral immunity.
The aspect of immunity that involves antibodies in body fluids.
What is cell-mediated immunity?
An immune response that involves T cells attacking infected cells.
True or false: Memory cells provide long-term immunity.
TRUE
Memory cells remain in the body after infection, ready to respond quickly.
What are antigens?
Substances that trigger an immune response, often found on pathogens.
Fill in the blank: Phagocytosis is the process of _______ by immune cells.
engulfing pathogens
Define allergy.
An exaggerated immune response to a harmless substance.
What is the function of natural killer cells?
To destroy infected or cancerous cells without prior sensitization.
True or false: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in allergic reactions.
TRUE
IgE binds to allergens and triggers histamine release.
What is lymphatic system?
A network that helps transport lymph and immune cells throughout the body.
Fill in the blank: Interferons are proteins that help _______ against viral infections.
defend cells
Define vaccination.
The administration of a vaccine to stimulate an immune response.
What is sepsis?
A life-threatening condition caused by the body’s response to infection.
True or false: HIV targets T cells in the immune system.
TRUE
HIV specifically infects CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune response.
What is immunotherapy?
A treatment that uses the immune system to fight diseases like cancer.
