When does antimicrobial reistance occur?
- When microorganism such as bacteria, fungi viruses change when they are exposed to antimicrobial drugs
what are vaccines?
- They are immuno-biological substances given to form protection against a certain disease
Describe what occurs in passive and active immunization?
- Paasive (no immunnological memory)
- Active (Indcution of adaptive immune response, protection and memory)
list some passive barriers?
- Skin
- mucous
- Stomach acid
What is involved in innate immune system?
- Complement response, phagocytosis and granulocytes
what is involved in adaptive immune response?
- Lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells)
what does cellular immune system do?
- It destroys intracecellular pathogens e.g virus infected cells using T cells
what does humoral immune system do?
- Acts agianst bacteria and viruses using immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells
memory cells remembers and for future protection. TRUE OR FLASE?
TRUE
what is vaccination?
- It is a method of giving an antigen to stimulate an immune response through active immunization without causing disease
A vaccine is antigenic but not pathogenic. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
what are the different types of vaccines and give an example for each type?
- Live attenuated e.g smallpox
- Inactivated form e.g cholera
- Toxoids e.g tetanus
- Cellular faction vaccines e.g Hep polypeptide B
- Recombinant vaccine e.g Hepatitis B
Describe how live attenutaed microorganism are used as vaccines?
- Pathogenic virus is taken from human cell san dgrown in human culture
- The culture is used to infect monkey cells
- The virus acquires many mutations in monkey cells
- It is no longer effective in humans so is attenuated and can be used as a vaccine
Live vaccines are more efficaious but less safe, nuclic acid vaccines are least effective but safer. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
What are the different schemes of immunization?
- One dose vaccines e.g rubella
- multiple doses e.g Hepatitis B
- primary vaccines
- Booster vaccines
what is the point of booster vaccinations and give an example?
- For maintainace of immunity level after long period after some relapse
e. g MMR
what are the different routes for vaccines and provide example for each route?
- Intramascular or subcutaneous (most vaccines)
- oral route (sabine)
- scarification (small pox)
- Intradermal route (BCG vaccine)
- Intranasal (live attenutaed influenza)
what occurs in the primary response?
- Your given the vaccine (live or inactivated)
- Althoug the microorganism is dead or inactivated it possess characteristics that will make it be recognised as foreign
- B lymphocytes detect antigen on pathogen
- They produce Plasma cells and B memory cells
- Plasma cells secrete antibodies which bind and disbable pathogen
what occurs in the secondary response?
- The real organism is presented
- The B memory cells quickly recognise th antigen of the pathogen
- B cells multiply
- Plasma cells produce antibodies and inactivates the infective organism
What occurs with the antibody concentration in the first response?
- Antibody concentration rises gradually and peaks after 2 weeks after vaccination
What occurs to the antibody concentration in the second repsonse
- Antibody concentration rises quicker and is more intense
- It remains higher for longer
What are the ideal properties of vaccines?
- provides life long immunity
- Stable, cheap and safe
- Usable for all ages
- protective againts all variants of organism s
- prevents transmission
- Rapidly induces immunity
What are some local side effects of vaccines?
- Swelling and redness
what are some systemic side effects of vaccines?
- Fever, allergic reaction, pain
