What are communicable diseases generally?
Infectious
What are the three key aims of immunisation?
- prevent onset of disease
- interrupt transmission
- alter course of infection/disease to limit consequences
How do vaccinations work?
They teach the immune system to recognise bacteria and viruses before the individual encounters them as potential pathogens
What are the two methods of passive immunity?
Mother to unborn baby - placenta/breastmilk
From another person/animal - immunoglobulins
State the advantages of human immunoglobulins
Rapid action, post exposure, attenuate illness, control outbreaks
State the disadvantages of human immunoglobulins
Short term protection, blood derived, hypersensitivity reaction may occur, expensive
What are the two main types of vaccination?
- live virus vaccines
- inactivated vaccines
Describe live virus vaccines
Attenuated organism replicates in host
Give examples of live virus vaccines
Measles, mumps, rubella, rotavirus, flu
Describe the three types of inactivated vaccines
- suspensions of killed organisms
- subunit vaccines (toxoid or polysaccharides)
- conjugate vaccines (polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins)
Give examples of suspension inactivated vaccines
Pertussis and typhoid
Give examples of subunit vaccines
Toxoids - diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
Polysaccharides - pneumococcal, typhoid
Give examples of conjugate vaccines
haemophilus influenza, men C
State the contraindications to vaccination
- confirmed anaphylaxis
- live vaccines in immunosuppressed or pregnant
- egg allergy
- severe latex allergy
- acute/evolving illness
Describe herd immunity
By having a large proportion of the population vaccinated, unvaccinated individuals can be protected as vaccinated individuals stop transmission of the organism
How is the proportion of herd immunity calculated?
- transmissibility
- infectiousness
- social mixing
Name the vaccinations given to a 8 week old baby
- Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophillus influenza type B, hep B (hexavalent)
- Rotavirus
- Meningococcal group B
Name the vaccinations given to a 12 week old baby
- Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophillus influenza type B, hep B (hexavalent)
- Rotavirus
- Pneumococcal
Name the vaccinations given to a 16 week old baby
- Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophillus influenza type B, hep B (hexavalent)
- Meningococcal group B
Name the vaccinations given to a 12-13 month year old baby
- Haemophilus influenza type b and meningococcal group C (Hib/MenC)
- Pneumococcal
- MMR
- Meningococcal group B
Name the vaccinations given to a baby aged 3 years and 4 months
- Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio
- MMR
What vaccination is given to 12-13 year olds usually in school?
Human Papillomavirus (3 doses over 6 months)
What is given annually to children aged 2-12?
Flu nasal spray
What vaccinations are given to a 14 year old?
- Tetanus, diphtheria, polio booster (Td/IPV)
- Meningococcal groups A,C,W and Y
