Live Attenuated:
- live microbes are weakened by growing them for many generations in animals/tissue cultures
- oral polio, MMR, zoster
Inactivated:
- whole organism that have been KILLED. Stimulate the immune system but do not cause disease :)
- polio, influenza, Hepatitis A
Inactivated toxins:
-some bacteria cause disease by producing toxins. Inactivated toxins are used to prevent diseases
Tetanus, diphtheria
Subunit Vaccines: New type!
- use only a part of the bacterium or virus
- typhoid, hepatitis B, pertussis, meningitis
Conjugate Vaccines
New type
Link proteins from a second organism to the outer coat of the bacteria.
Allows a baby’s immune system to recognize the bacteria.
Haemophilus influenzae B, pneumococcus
Edible vaccines- new
WHAT! Mensink Farms should hop on this train
Genetically engineered potatoes, bananas, and tomatoes that, when eaten, will initiate an immune response against harmful intestinal bacteria and viruses.
E.coli, entertoxin, rabies
Plantibodies?
specific antibodies made in plants
strep mutans (tooth decay)
Influenza immunization recommendation?
Annual vaccine for all children to age 18
Meningococcal immunization
recommendation
All children at 11-12 yrs
- college students in dorms
- People missing spleen
- if you have immune disorder
What about the side effects of vaccines, doc?
- Most are minor and temporary
- Side effects of disease are much more serious
NO medical intervention is as effective as immunization!
VALID contraindications to vaccination?
- Anaphylactic reaction
- Prior high fever
- Immunodeficiency
- Pregnancy
- Significant acute illness
Influenza :
Symptoms
Myalgias, fever, non-productive cough, headache, severe malaise, sore throat, rhinitis
20,000 deaths/year
Influenza vaccine for nursing home residents
50-60% effective in preventing pneumonia and hospitalization
60-70% effective in preventing DEATH
*NOT effective in reducing ambulatory care visits for respiratory problems
Influenza vaccine for health adults
25% fewer episodes of URI. reduces sick leave and visits to physician due to URI and saves $46.85 per person vaccinated
Influenza Vaccine indications?
EVERYONE
Influenza vaccine contraindications?
- Anaphylacitc hypersensitivity to eggs
- Allergy to THIMEROSOL
- History of Guillain- Barre Syndrome
- Acute febrile conditions (just delay until resolved)
Pneumococcal Vaccine
Side effects and revaccination?
S.E: 50% have local erythema and soreness
Revaccination: after 5 years for pts w/ chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, transplanted organs or asplenia
-after 5 years if initial immunization was before 65
Hep A vaccine:
Type?
Efficacy?
Indications?
Inactivated vaccine
efficacy 94%
Give to: travelers to Mexico, S.America, Africa, SE Asia
- injecting drug users
- pts with chronic liver disease
- military
- healthcare providers?
Hep B vaccine
*chronic Hep B leads to hepatobiliary cancer
-Give to at risk adults and for travelers, health care providers
- 3 doses = 95% efficacy
- minimal S.E. :)
Tdap: Tetanus, diptheria, acellular pertussis
Immunity wanes 5-10 yrs after vac.
11-65 yr olds should receive a single booster
-health care workers
Varicella Zoster vaccine
-60+ may receive dose of vaccine
$150!
HPV
100% effective in preventing HPV genital lesions and CIN
Give to: 11-12 yr olds
- sexually active women 13-26
- males 13-21, 22-26 for high risk
$360 for 3 injections
HIV vaccine in the future?
Arecombinant vaccine- alter organisms’ genetic structure by removing a key gene or modifying the DNA
Problems: HIV hyper variability
Future Malaria vaccine?
Phase I/II trials underway using arecombinant technology
-P.falciparum chromosome mapped
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Specific Acquired Immunity - Diebel35
-
Antibodies - Diebel34
-
EBV- Skildum21
-
Anemia 2- Krafts44
-
Vaccines -Johns26
-
Anemia Cases - Kebbekus0
-
Complement -Regal47
-
Therapeutic Proteins -Fitz24
-
Transfusion Medicine - Krafts44
-
Plasma Composition & Red Cell Metabolism-Goueli6
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Hemolytic Disease of Newborns -Krafts12
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Benign Leukocytoses -Krafts24
-
Antibodies 2 -Diebel32
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CBL -Fitz0
