What 2 hormones released by the hypothalamus control the menstrual cycle?
1 - estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone
2 - estrogen and luteinising hormone
3 - luteinising hormone and progesterone
4 - luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
4 - luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
What are the 4 most common problems women present with relating to their menstrual cycles?
1 - abnormal timing
2 - pain
3 - duration
4 - amount of bleeding
What does the term oligomenorrhoea refer to?
1 - normal periods
2 - periods have stopped altogether
3 - irregular periods
4 - periods have not begun when they should have
3 - irregular periods
What does the term secondary amenorrhoea refer to?
1 - normal periods
2 - periods have stopped altogether (>6 months)
3 - irregular periods
4 - periods have not begun when they should have
2 - periods have stopped altogether (>6 months)
What does the term primary amenorrhoea refer to?
1 - normal periods
2 - periods have stopped altogether
3 - irregular periods
4 - periods have not begun when they should have
4 - periods have not begun when they should have
What is the most common cause of amenorrhoea?
- pregnancy
What is the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria?
- criteria to identify the likelihood a patient has polycystic ovary syndrome
Rotterdam diagnostic criteria is used to identify the likelihood a patient has polycystic ovary syndrome. What are the 3 criteria?
1 - hypoandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries
2 - hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries
3 - hypoandrogenism, menopause, and polycystic ovaries
4 -ovulatory dysfunction, fibroids and polycystic ovaries
2 - hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries
What does postcoital bleeding refer to?
- bleeding following sexual intercourse a
What does intermenstrual bleeding refer to?
- bleeding between periods
Spotting in between periods is often a sign of what?
1 - STI
2 - PCOS
3 - Fibroids
4 - Cervical cancer
1 - STI
- commonly chlamdyia or pelvic inflammatory disease
What does ectropion refer to?
- when cells from inside cervix grow outside
- cells are fragile and likely to cause bleeding
Fibroids are abnormal development of the muscle wall in the female pelvis. How can this cause bleeding?
- increased pressure against the uterine lining
- results in increased bleeding
What examination can be undertaken to investigate the causes of vaginal bleeding?
- pelvic examination
- examine for masses, abdominal striae (stretch marks) and concealed pregnancy
What hormones should be measured to rule out a hormonal cause in a patient with vaginal bleeding?
- LH
- FSH
- estrogen
- progesterone
If a women is suscpeted of having cervical cancer, what examination should be performed?
- colposcopy
- sample can be taken to rule out cancerous cells
