structurally-related disorders > velopharyngeal dysfunction > Flashcards

velopharyngeal dysfunction Flashcards

(46 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

which nasal meatus does an endoscope enter?

A

inferior (largest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

muscles of velopharynx? (5)

A
  1. tensor VP
  2. levator VP
  3. palatoglossus
  4. palatopharyngeus
  5. superior constrictor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tensor VP function (2)? innervation? attachments (3)?

A
  • opening of ET
  • lateral stretch of velum
  • CN V (mandibular branch)
  • attachments: sphenoid, ET, loops around pterygoid hamulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

levator VP function (1)? innervation? attachments (2)?

A
  • velar elevation
  • CN 10 and 9
  • temporal bone, ET cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

palatoglossus function (2)? innervation? attachments (2)?

A
  • lower velum
  • elevate dorsum of tongue
  • CN 10 and 11
  • palatine aponeurosis, dorsum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

palatopharyngeus function (2)? innervation? attachments (3)?

A
  • moves PPW to midline
  • lower velum
  • CN 10
  • palatine aponeurosis, lateral PW, thyroid cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

superior constrictor function (1)? innervation? attachments (2)?

A
  • pharyngeal narrowing
  • CN 10
  • pterygoid plate, velum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

uvula muscle function (2)? innervation?

A
  • shortens velum
  • forms velar eminence
  • CN 10
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

salpingopharyngeus function (2)? innervation? attachments (2)?

A
  • opens ET
  • raises pharynx and larynx
  • CN 10
  • ET, palatopharyngeus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the plexus pharyngeus?

A

intersecting nerve fibers of CN 9, 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

differences bw male vs female velopharyngeal sphincters?

A
  • males: larger, wider = need to elevate velum higher and more posteriorly
  • uvula muscle achieves this
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

differences bw adult vs child velopharyngeal sphincters?

A
  • children: smaller, narrower, have adenoid pad = less effort to close velum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the following velopharyngeal closure patterns…

a) coronal

b) sagittal

c) circular

d) circular w passavant’s ridge

A

a) mainly velar elevation
b) lateral pharyngeal walls move to midline
c) velar + lateral wall movement
d) superior constrictor supports closure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which velopharyngeal closure pattern is common in pt with cleft palates?

A

circular w passavant’s ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

direct methods of velopharynx inspection? (4)

A
  • direct
  • endoscopy
  • multiview fluoroscopy
  • MRI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DIRECT: describe tongue-anchor technique, mirror test, and /i-a/ test

A
  • stick out tongue + blow out cheeks
  • make nasal vs oral sounds w mirror under nose
  • pinch nose while saying /i-a/
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do you measure velar displacement?

A
  • 0 = no movement
  • 1 = contact w PPW
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

velopharyngeal inadequacy branches off into… (2)

A
  1. cleft VPI
  2. non-cleft VPI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cleft VPI branches off into… (1)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • velopharyngeal insufficiency (unrepaired or post-surgical)
20
Q

non-cleft VPI branches off into… (3)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. velopharyngeal insufficiency (structural issues)
  2. velopharyngeal incompetency (motor issues such as dysarthria, apraxia)
  3. velopharyngeal mislearning
21
Q

define hypernasality (1). organic vs functional etiology?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • too much air/sound escape nose
  • org: VP insufficiency
  • func: VP incompetence
22
Q

define hyponasality (1). organic vs functional etiology?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • too little air/sound escape nose
  • org: septum deviation, hypertrophy
  • func (rare): reaction to autophonia
23
Q

who may mixed nasality occur in?

Study These Flashcards
A

uni or bilateral cleft lip and palate

24
Q

what is cul-de-sac resonance? what kind of nasal resonance disorder does it denote (2)?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • muffled sound quality
  • hyponasality or mxed nasality
25
what is non-turbulent nasal emission related to? wb turbulent?
- non-turbulent: larger VP gap - turbulent: close VP approx
26
what is obligatory nasal emission due to?
VP insufficiency
27
what is learned nasal emission due to?
VP mislearning (artic disorder!)
28
what is nasal grimace?
subconscious compensatory attempt to reduce nasal escape
29
how to ax oral-nasal balance disorders? (3)
1. classify (hypo, hyper, mixed) 2. severity rating 3. associated observations (emissions, cul de sac, grimace)
30
How does a nasometer work? (3)
- nasal plate vs oral plate - measures SPL from both mics separately - nasalance = (nasal SPL / oral + nasal SPL) x100
31
What are the following passages for: a) zoo passage b) nasal sentences c) rainbow passages d) SNAP test
a) non-nasal reading passage (assesses hypernasality) b) assesses hyponasality c) representation of English phonemes (little dx value) d) sentences for young kids
32
what % of nasal phonemes does the rainbow passage vs nasal sentences contain?
- rainbow passages: 11.5% - nasal sentences: 35% (triple of standard NA English)
33
When does the velopharynx open vs close for 2-6 month olds?
- opens: windups, whimpers, laughs - closes: cries, screams, raspberries
34
Historically, it has been argued that the tongue of the newborn is initially too large for speech. Is this accurate?
No, probably more related to lack of coordination
35
The very first contoid sounds are often ___. Emerging consonants then develop from ___ to ___.
- glottal - front to back
36
In babies with CLP and VPD, contoids develop from ___ to ___
Back to front
37
Processes in CL and CLP artic disorders? (4)
1. omissions 2. artic distortions (e.g., nose blowing sound becomes /s/ when nostrils are plugged) 3. phono errors and subs 4. compensatory subs (i.e., adding a sound bc it is producible)
38
Category I vs category II?
- I (obligatory): VPI, oronasal fistulae, or malocclusion (physical tx needed) = passive errors - II (compensatory): speech mislearning (speech tx needed) = active errors
39
Error types observed in children w CL and CLP in order of decreasing frequency? (5)
1. phono errors 2. anterior oral errors 3. non-oral errors (e.g., glottals) 4. passive (obligatory) errors (e.g., nose blowing sound becomes /s/ when nostrils are plugged) 5. ingressive productions
40
Characteristics of comp artic? (4)
1. maladaptive placement 2. backed artic 3. learned 4. adaptation to VPI
41
Types of glottal double artic? (2)
- co-production - substitution
42
what are phoneme-specific nasal emissions (2)? what are they considered (1)?
- child produces typical oral pressure sounds and there is no evidence of VPD - select sibilant sounds are produced as audible nasal emissions - considered phonological and can occur in non-cleft pts too
43
T or F: PSNE's can be a red herring
true
44
T or F: kids w clefts always follow predictable sound error patterns
false -- some kids are all over the place
45
ways of eliciting artic profiles? (6)
1. standardized artic tests (GFTA, DEAP, CAAP) 2. oral-nasal transitions (e.g., /hamper/) 3. oral sentences 4. nasal sentences 5. low pressure consonants (e.g., /w/) 6. convo
46
implications for tx: a) obligatory (passive) errors may require ___. b) phono errors may be best treated with a ___ approach. c) compensatory (active) errors may be best treated with a ___ approach. d) anterior oral errors may benefit from a ___ approach.
a) surgical or prosthetic ix b) phono c) motor-phonetic d) hybrid
structurally-related disorders
flashcards
Decks in class (11)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions