1
Q
What is the anterior boundary of the spinal cord?
A
Vertebral body and posterior longitudinal ligament
2
Q
What is the posterior boundary of the spinal cord?
A
Vertebral arches and the ligaments flava
3
Q
Are there lateral openings in the vertebral column?
A
Yes, each vertebra contributes to half an opening
3
Q
Are there lateral openings in the vertebral column?
A
Yes, each vertebra contributes to half an opening
4
Q
What is the contents of the spinal cord?
A
Epidural fat pad
Internal venous plexus (within the fat pad)
Meninges of spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
Spinal cord
5
Q
Where is the external venous plexus located?
A
Outside the vertebral column, drains the back
6
Q
Name the 3 membrane that surround the spinal cord as an extension from the brain
A
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
7
Q
Which is the most external membrane of the spinal cord?
A
Dura mater
8
Q
Which is the most internal membrane of the spinal cord?
A
Pia mater
9
Q
Which is the most internal membrane of the spinal cord?
A
Pia mater
10
Q
Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?
A
Choroid plexi of the lateral ventricles of the cerebrum
10
Q
Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?
A
Choroid plexi of the lateral ventricles of the cerebrum
11
Q
Where does cerebrospinal fluid drain?
A
Into cerebral sinuses and roots of spinal nerves
12
Q
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
A
Cushioning of the brain and spinal cord
13
Q
What is the overall name given to the membranes that surround the spinal cord?
A
Meninges
13
Q
What is the overall name given to the membranes that surround the spinal cord?
A
Meninges
14
Q
Where is the dura mater attached?
A
Periosteum of the skull
Foramen magnum
2nd sacral vertebra
14
Q
Where is the dura mater attached?
A
Periosteum of the skull
Foramen magnum
2nd sacral vertebra
15
Q
What separates the dura mater from the walls of the spinal canal?
A
Epidural fat pad
Layer of vessels
16
Q
Where does the dura mater extend outside of the spinal canal?
A
It extends out of the intervertebral foramina with the spinal nerves
17
Q
What is the space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater called?
A
Subdural space
18
Q
What is the space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater called?
A
Subdural space
19
Q
The dura mater is highly sensitive to ____
A
Pain
20
Q
Where might blood accumulate after injury to the spinal cord?
A
Subdural space
20
Where might blood accumulate after injury to the spinal cord?
Subdural space
21
Describe the appearance of the arachnoid mater
Web like fascicles attach the arachnoid space to the pia mater
22
What is the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater called?
Subarachnoid space
23
What is the subarachnoid space filled with?
Cerebrospinal fluid
23
What is the subarachnoid space filled with?
Cerebrospinal fluid
24
Which is the most difficult layer of meninges to dissect off the spinal cord?
Pia mater
25
Why does the pia mater have a pink ish appearance?
It is highly vascularised with many capillaries
26
Why does the pia mater have a pink ish appearance?
It is highly vascularised with many capillaries
27
How does the pia mater attach to the dura mater?
Through denticulate ligaments that piece through the arachnoid mater
28
What arteries supply the cervical region of the spine?
Vertebral arteries
28
What arteries supply the cervical region of the spine?
Vertebral arteries
29
What arteries supply the thoracic region of the spine?
Posterior intercostal arteries
29
What arteries supply the thoracic region of the spine?
Posterior intercostal arteries
30
What arteries supply the lumbar region of the spine?
Lumbar arteries
31
What arteries connect the lumbar arteries to the spinal arteries?
Radicular arteries
32
What do periosteal arteries supply?
Bone tissue and intervertebral discs
33
What do periosteal arteries supply?
Bone tissue and intervertebral discs
34
Which arteries give off the periosteal arteries?
Lumbar arteries
34
Which arteries give off the periosteal arteries?
Lumbar arteries
35
What does the internal venous plexus drain blood from?
Vertebral bodies and spinal cord
36
What does the internal venous plexus drain blood from?
Vertebral bodies and spinal cord
37
How is the internal venous plexus attached to the external venous plexus?
Connects via the intervertebral foramina
38
What veins drain the cervical region of the spine?
Vertebral veins
39
What veins drain the thoracic region of the spine?
Posterior intercostal veins
39
What veins drain the thoracic region of the spine?
Posterior intercostal veins
40
What veins drain the lumbar region of the spine?
Lumbar veins
41
What veins to do the internal venous plexus anastomose with?
Pelvic veins
42
Through which routes can blood flow from pelvic veins to the superior vena cava?
Through the azygous vein
Through the pelvic veins
42
Through which routes can blood flow from pelvic veins to the superior vena cava?
Through the azygous vein
Through the pelvic veins
43
How is the anastamoses of spinal and pelvic veins clinically important?
Abdominal and pelvic cancers can spread to the chest region through this route
44
Why is the vertebral column longer than the length of the spinal cord?
The musculoskeletal system has a longer growth period than the neural structures
44
Why is the vertebral column longer than the length of the spinal cord?
The musculoskeletal system has a longer growth period than the neural structures
45
At what spinal level is conus medullaris in neonates?
L3/4
46
At what spinal levels is conus medullaris in adults?
L1/2
47
Which body systems develop fast after birth?
Lung and cardiovascular systems
48
Which body systems take longer to mature at an older age?
Reproductive systems
49
What does the enlargement at the lower end of the cervical region and upper end of thoracic region tend to innervate?
Upper limb
50
What does the lower end of the thoracic region and upper end of the lumbar region tend to innervate?
Lower limb
51
What does the caudal equina refer to?
Refers to the nerves emerging rom he lumbar and sacral segments having the appearance of a 'horsetail'
52
What is the filum terminale?
An extended strand of pia mater that emerges through the arachnoid mater to attach to the sacrum at the level of S2
53
Why does the lumbar cistern form?
The dura and arachnoid mater extend with the filum terminale, which forms a large sub arachnoid space
54
What is contained within the lumbar cistern?
Cerebrospinal fluid
55
Do spinal nerves always remain level with their respective vertebrae?
Not always.
Cervical region this applies, but nerves of the lumbar and sacral regions strongly deviate from their vertebral levels
56
List 3 uses of the lumbar cistern extending past the end of the spinal cord?
1- to take samples of CSF
2- to introduce contrast agents
3- to administer anaesthetic and analgesic blocks
57
Where does the safe space to insert a needle into the vertebral column end?
At the spinal level of L1
57
Where does the safe space to insert a needle into the vertebral column end?
At the spinal level of L1
58
Describe spinal anaesthesia
Anaesthetic agent injected into the subarachnoid space into the cerebrospinal fluid
59
What surgeries is spinal anaesthesia suitable for?
Surgery of the lower abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs
60
Is spinal anaesthetic slow or fast acting?
It is a fast acting anaesthetic
61
Describe epidural anaesthesia
Anaesthetic agent injected into the epidural space around the epidural fat pack (does not puncture any meninges)
62
Is epidural anaesthetic fast or slow acting?
It is a slow acting anaesthetic agent, so larger amounts of agent fluid is required
63
What is the main near-muscular different between spinal and epidural anaesthetic?
In spinal both pain and muscle control are lost
In epidural only pain is removed the muscle control still remains (important in child birth)
64
Describe what happens in a disc protrusion
Annulus fibrosus bulges into the vertebral canal, nucleus pulposus still intact
65
Describe what happens in a disc herniation
Nucleus pulposus herniates through the annulus fibrosus and into the vertebral canal
66
Which is more serious, an anterior to posterior disc herniation?
Posterior disc herniation is more dangerous as there are more structures that can be affected
67
Why are anterior disc herniations less common?
Presence of anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments prevent them from occurring - even when they do occur they do not cause much pain
68
Which regions of the spine are more common for herniations?
Cervical
Lumbar
69
If nerve root C5 is herniated what muscles are affected?
Deltoid
Biceps brachii
70
If nerve root C5 is herniated what sensory is affected?
Lateral arm (axillary nerve)
71
If nerve root C6 is herniated what muscles are affected?
Biceps brachii
Wrist extensors
72
If nerve root C6 is herniated what sensory is affected?
Lateral border of forearm, digit 1 (lateral ante brachial cutaneous nerve)
73
If nerve root C7 is herniated what muscles are affected?
Triceps
Wrist flexors
Finger extensors
74
If nerve root C7 is herniated what sensory is affected?
Digits 2, 3, 4
75
If nerve root C7 is herniated what sensory is affected?
Digits 2, 3, 4
76
If nerve root C8 is herniated what muscles are affected?
Intrinsic muscles of hand
Flexors of fingers
77
If nerve root C8 is herniated what sensory is affected?
Medial border of forearm, digit 5 (medial ante brachial cutaneous nerve)
78
If nerve root T1 is herniated what muscles are affected?
Intrinsic muscles of the hand
79
If nerve root T1 is herniated what sensory is affected?
Medial border of arm (medial brachial cutaneous nerve)
80
If nerve root L4 is herniated what muscles are affected?
Tibialis anterior
81
If nerve root L4 is herniated what sensory is affected?
Medial aspect of leg
82
If nerve root L5 is herniated what muscles are affected?
Extensor hallucis longus
83
If nerve root L5 is herniated what sensory is affected?
Lateral aspect of leg
Middle of the dorsal part of foot
Digits 2, 3, 4
84
If nerve root S1 is herniated what muscles are affected?
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
85
If nerve root S1 is herniated what sensory is affected?
Lateral aspect of foot
86
What action of the hip does L2+3 have?
Flexion of hip joint
87
L4+5 carry out _________ of the hip joint
Extension
88
L3+4 carry out extension of the ____ joint
Knee
89
Which dermatomes carry out the action of flexion of the knee joint?
L1+5
90
What action of the ankle does L4+5 have?
Dorsiflexion
91
L1+2 carry out _______ _______ of the ankle joint
Plantar flexion
92
Which nerve root does the bicep reflex test?
C6
93
Which nerve root does the triceps reflex test?
C7
94
The quadriceps tendon jerk reflex tests the __ reflex
L3
95
The achilles tendon reflex tests the __ reflex
S1
Anatomy Y2
flashcards
Decks in class (18)
# Cards
-
The Shoulder132
-
Axilla and Brachial plexus142
-
Arm, Elbow and Cubital Fossa102
-
Forearm and Wrist163
-
Movement and Muscles of the Hand127
-
Hip and Gluteal Region112
-
Thigh164
-
Knee93
-
Leg119
-
Foot and Ankle133
-
Vertebral Column 160
-
Vertebral Column 2108
-
Superficial structures of the Neck165
-
Face and Mouth214
-
The Intracranial Region146
-
Anatomy of Thyroid57
-
Larynx and Supralaryngeal vocal139
-
Anatomy of Pharynx94
