vertebrates

Question 1

vertebral column

Answer 1

backbone
composed of serially arranged vertebrae

Question 2

vertebral column and notochord relationship

Answer 2

vertebral column takes over the mechanical role of notochord
- its non compressible but flexible

Question 3

structure of trunk and tail vertebrae

Answer 3

neural arch
neural tube/spinal cord
centrum- vertebrae body
blood vessels
haemal arch
rib

Question 4

derived features of the vertebrata

Answer 4

• a vertebral column
  a head with :
  skull
  brain
  muscular pharynx

these features allow active predation

Question 5

neural crest

Answer 5

arises from the ectodermal germ layer at the border between the neural plate and the epidermis
- neural crest cells leave the site of their formation and migrate through embryonic tissues

Question 6

neural crest derivatives

Answer 6

• gives rise to cells of PNS
• adrenal medulla
• connective tissue
• pigment cells

Question 7

placodes and its derivatives

Answer 7

local thickenings of the ectoderm of the head and neck
- gove rise to neurons and sensory epithelia involved in
- smelling
- tasting
- hearing
- balance

Question 8

hox gene cluster

Answer 8

highly conserved groups of related genes
- they dictate the body plan of bilaterian animals along the head to tail axis

Question 9

where did jaws evolve from

Answer 9

skeletal elements of the pharynx

Question 10

buccopharyngeal pumping

Answer 10

process of sucking in water into the mouth and pushing it over the gills
- pumping also sucks up prey

Question 11

lateral line organ

Answer 11

• in all aquatic jawed vertebrates
• located in the horizontal mysoseptum
• develops from an ectodermal placode

Question 12

operculum

Answer 12

bony flap that covers and protects the gills

Question 13

what did mineralisation evolve as

Answer 13

feeding habits changed from suspension feeding to scavenging and predation

Question 14

where are flat bony scales formed

Answer 14

• in the dermis
• covered by the epidermis