Why do most growers use cuttings rather than layering?
Risk of Phylloxera
Is Pinot Gris (or Pinot Blanc) a new variety?
No, they are clones under the same variety with Pinot Noir but since they had significant mutations, they are treated as new varieties.
Pinotage: Pinot Noir X Cinsault
Müller Thurgau: Riesling X Madeline Royal
What is the difference btw a crossing and a hybrid?
Crossing is a new variety produced from two parents of the same species (naturally or by researchers)
Hybrid is a new variety whose parents come from different species.
Vidal
Why only a small varieties bred by human are successful?
- There is no way of certainly knowing waht quality the new variety will have therefore it s time consuminh and costly:
- Hundreds of seeds are required,
- Many of them fail in the first year, so it takes at least 2-3 years before survivors flower and produce grapes
- Takes even longer to asses the long term value of the variety; if it should be grown and sold commercially.
In which of the following regions Phylloxera is more likely to be a problem?
a) South Australia
b) Chile
c) Austria
d) Argentina
c) Austria
What are the advantages of head grafting?
- Cheaper than replanting the whole vineyard
- Quicker to adjust to market demand (min 3 years)
- The new variety starts life with an established root system
Difference btw bench grafting and head grafting
Bench grafting: short sections of cane from both VV and the rootstock variety are joined together by machine and stored in a warm environment to fuse together. Than the vine is planted.
Head grafting: Existing vine is cut back to its trunk and a bud or cutting of new variety is grafted onto trunk. Used in established vineyards to switch to a new variety. Takes min of 3 years to reach a commercial crop.
What is an important feature in growing grapes successfully in Cafayate?
a) Latitude
b) Rivers
c) Altitude
d) Ocean
c) Altitude
Cut off from the influences of the Pacific Ocean by the Andes, vineyards in Cafayate regularly extend to 2000 metres or more, allowing suitably cool sites to be found close to the Equator.
What is an important feature in growing grapes successfully in Casablanca Valley?
a) Gulfstream Current
b) Benguela Current
c) La Nina
d) Fog
d) Fog
Fog can help cool an area that may otherwise struggle to produce high quality grapes. Particularly important feature in Casablanca Valley, Chile.
Which does not have an important effect on dirunal range?
a) Lake
b) River
c) Clouds
d) Latitude
d) Latitude
a) Lake, b) River can hold enough warmth to keep adjacent vineyards warm overnight and provide cool breezes during the day.
c) Cloud cover is like an isulating blanket, slowing down temperature changes.
What are risks of mild winters for the vine?
- The vine will not have the dormant period and can produce more thn one crop each year. quality of grapes will suffer and the life of the vine will be shorter.
- Mild winters also mean larger population of insect pests survive to attack the vine in the summer.
Name four form of protection from spring frosts?
Heaters
Wind machines
Sprinklers
Planting away from the ground (mid slopes) and high traning
What are the problems stemming from Chlorosis, how can it be solved?
Chlorosis is a condition where leaves turn yellow and the vine’s ability to photosynthesise is restricted. Therefore it leads to problems in grape ripening, quality and quantity. Can be solved by using an appropriate fertiliser.
What are the three most important nutrients in soil?
Potassium
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Name 5 places where gravel is an important support for ripening grapes?
1) Haut Medoc (CS)
2) Pessac Leognan (CS)
3) Saint Emilion, vineyards at plateau (CS+CF)
4) Hawke’s Bay, Gimblett Gravels (CS+Merlot)
5) Valpolicella, flat area in south (Corvina)
Name 4 places where chalk is important?
1) Sancerre (SB)
2) Pouilly Fume (SB)
3) Champagne
4) Jerez, named Albariza here (Palomino)
Name 2 places where slate is important?
1) Mosel (Riesling)
2) Priorat, named Llicorella here (Garnacha, Carinena)
Name a place where granite is important?
Beaujolais, low nutrient so reduces yield of Gamay
Name 3 regions with their important soils in Loire Valley
1) Anjou: Stony, warm
2) Touraine; Vouvray: Clay
3) Central Vineyards; Sancerre&Poully Fume: Chalky, stony, well drained
Powdery mildew is treated with
sulfur based spray
Downy mildew is treated with
copper based spray (Bordeaux mix)
Name two tools to control fungal diseases
1) Chemical Sprays
2) Open Canopy
Advantages of machine harvesting
- Less costly and eliminates labour availablity issues
- Faster; important in hot regions and with varieties that can become over ripe quickly such as SB
- Can work at night; saves from keeping grapes cool and slows down oxidation
Machine harvest is suitable for…
- Grapes that come away from their stems easily and that are not easily damaged
- Land that is flat or gently sloping
