1
Q
Define Virology
A
Study of viruses
2
Q
Which cell are the viruses unable to grow outside?
A
Host
3
Q
Describe the cell where the viruses are unable to grow outside
A
Living
4
Q
Describe the viruses
A
Obligate intracellular
5
Q
What do these viruses require a living cell for?
2 points
A
Survival
Replication
6
Q
Where are these viruses propagated on?
A
Tissue culture
7
Q
Where aren’t these viruses propagated on?
A
Culture media
8
Q
Describe this culture media (2 points)
A
Ordinary
Artificial
9
Q
What is the viral particle known as?
A
Virion
10
Q
What does each viral particle consist of?
A
Nucleic acid
11
Q
Describe this Nucleic acid
A
Genetic material
12
Q
What are the 2 genetic materials where each viral particle consist of?
A
DNA
Or
RNA
13
Q
What are these DNA or RNA known as?
A
Genome
14
Q
Describe this part
A
Infectious
15
Q
What does the genome code for?
A
Proteins
16
Q
Which proteins does the genome code for?
A
Enzymes
17
Q
What are these proteins necessary for?
A
Replication
18
Q
What are the 2 forms of these proteins?
A
Non-structural
Structural
19
Q
What is an example of a non-structural protein?
A
Nucleic acid polymerase
20
Q
Which parts does the structural protein form?
A
Virion
21
Q
Where are these genetic materials found in?
A
Protein coat/shell
22
Q
Describe this protein coat/shell
A
Protective
23
Q
What is this protective protein coat/shell known as?
A
Capsid
24
Q
What does the capsid do with the genetic material?
A
Encloses it
25
What is the capsid and the nucleic acid together known as?
Nucleocapsid
26
What are the 4 functions of the capsid?
Protection
Attachment
Antigenic
Gives morphology
27
What does this capsid protect?
Genome
28
What does the virus use this capsid to attach to?
Host cell receptor
29
Which mediated responses are directed against this capsid? (2 points)
Cellular
| Humoral
30
Which feature of the capsid in which these mediated responses are directed against?
Proteins
31
What this capsid be?
Enveloped
32
What do some viruses acquire from the host?
Outer lipoprotein coat
33
Through what feature of the host do these viruses acquire this outer lipoprotein coat from?
Cell membrane
34
Describe this membrane (2 points)
Nuclear
Or
Cytoplasmic
35
How do these viruses acquire this outer lipoprotein coat from the host cell membrane?
Budding
36
What does this cell membrane always contain?
Glycoproteins
37
Describe these glycoproteins
Unique
38
What are the enveloped viruses sensitive to?
Lipid solvent
39
Describe the size of the viruses
Small
40
What unit is used to measure the viruses?
Nanometer
41
What is the size range of the viruses?
20-300
42
Which microscope are the viruses only visualized by?
Electron
43
What are the viruses eliminated by?
Immune system
44
What doesn't have an effect on the viruses?
Antibiotics
45
What are the viruses treated by?
Antiviral drugs
46
What can prevent viral infections?
Vaccines
47
What do these vaccines produce?
Lifelong immunity
48
What are the 3 characteristic shapes of the viruses?
Spherical
Helical
Polyhedron
49
What is the most common Polyhedron?
Icosahedron
50
What does the icosahedron have?
Triangular faces
51
How many triangular faces does the icosahedron have?
20
52
What do these viruses sometimes have?
| 2 points
Tails
| Envelopes
53
What are the 7 principle events involved in the replication?
```
Adsorption
Penetration
Uncoating
Eclipse phase
Synthesis
```
Assembly
Or
Maturation
Release
54
What is the first step in infection of a cell which is involved in the adsorption?
Attachment
55
What does this virus attach to?
Cell surface
56
What is recognized outside the cell ,on its surface?
Specific receptors
57
What feature of a virus attaches to these specific receptors that are found outside the cell , on its surface?
Protein
58
What are the 2 ways of penetration?
Fusion
| Endocytosis
59
Which viruses are involved in the fusion?
Enveloped
60
What do these viruses fuse directly with?
Plasma membrane
61
Which viruses are involved in the endocytosis?
Non-enveloped
62
What do these non-enveloped viruses enter the cell by?
Invagination
63
What is this invagination of?
Cell membrane
64
What do these viruses form when they enter the cell by the invaginations of the cell membrane?
Vesicles
65
Where are these vesicles formed in the cell?
Cytoplasm
66
What is released in the uncoating of the virus?
Genome
67
Where is this genome released form?
Capsid
68
What is enabled as the genome is released from the capsid?
Replication
69
What starts this replication?
Nucleic acid
70
What cannot be recovered from the cell in the eclipse phase when the nucleic acid is uncoated?
Infectious virions
71
What do the unrecovered infectious virions last until?
New virions are made
72
What is synthesized in the virus replication?
| 2 points
Nucleic acid
| Proteins
73
What occurs in the synthesis of the nucleic acid and proteins?
Transcription
74
What is transcribed in the synthesis of the nucleic acid and proteins?
mRNA
75
What is this mRNA transcribed from?
DNA
76
What does this mRNA code for?
Proteins
77
What happens to these proteins?
Translation
78
Where are these proteins translated by?
Host cell
79
What are the 3 proteins that the mRNA codes for?
Early
Late
Nucleic acid
80
Describe the early proteins
Non-structural
81
Describe the late proteins (2 points)
Structural
| Building blocks
82
What are these late proteins building blocks for?
Virion
83
What does the nucleic acid undergo?
Replication
84
What does the nucleic acid produce when it undergoes replication?
New genomes
85
What are assembled?
New virions
86
What is released in the final stage of the virus replication?
New infectious virions
87
What are the 2 ways in which these new infectious virions are released?
Budding
| Lytic
88
What does the budding occur from?
Cell surface
89
Which viruses make budding?
Enveloped
90
What isn't done to the cell by the budding viruses?
Killing
91
What does the lysis occur in?
Infected cell
92
Which viruses make this lysis?
Non-enveloped
93
What are the 2 ways in which the virus can be transmitted by?
From person to person
| From animal to person
94
What is the transmission of the virus from animal to person known as?
Zoonosis
95
What are the 2 ways in which the virus is transmitted by from person to person?
Horizontal
| Vertical
96
What is the person exposed to causing horizontal transmission? (6 points)
```
Respiratory secretions
Saliva
Blood
Semen
Fecal contamination
Sexual transmission
```
97
What are the 2 respiratory secretions?
Airborne
| Droplets
98
Through what is the person exposed to the infection from blood? (2 points)
Transfusion
| Needle sharing
99
What is the fecal contamination of? (2 points)
Food
| Water
100
Describe the occurrence of vertical transmission
Maternal to fetal/child
101
What does the vertical transmission occur across?
Placenta
102
During what does the vertical transmission occur?
Breast feeding
103
What are the 2 ways of animal to person transmission?
Direct
| Indirect
104
Describe the direct transmission of the infection from the animal to the person
When infected animals is exposed to human
105
What is the indirect transmission of infection from animal to person?
Arthropod-borne
106
What does the arthropod-borne done by?
Arbovirus
107
What does the most common arthropod-borne transmission done by?
Mosquito
108
What does the less common arthropod-borne transmission done by?
Ticks
109
What are the 5 types of viral infection?
Subclinical
Acute
Persistent
Latent Transformation
110
What is the most common viral infection?
Subclinical
111
What aren't present in the subclinical infections?
Sings
| Symptoms
112
Describe these signs and symptoms
Clinical
113
What is the acute infection also known as?
Lytic
114
What does the acute infection result in?
| 2 points
Destruction
| Death
115
What are destroyed and dead due to the acute infection?
Host cells
116
What are the 2 types of acute infection?
Local
| Systemic
117
What is an example of a virus that causes local acute infection?
Rhinovirus
118
Describe the mode of transmission of viruses that cause local acute infection
Respiratory
119
What is the site of lesion caused by these viruses?
Portal of entry
120
Describe the incubation period of the local acute infection
Short
121
Describe the duration of immunity of local acute infection
Short
122
Describe the role of igA in the local acute infection
Important
123
What is absent in the local acute infection?
Viremia
124
What is an example of a virus that causes systemic acute infection?
Measles
125
Describe the mode of transmission of viruses that cause systemic acute infection
Respiratory
126
Describe the site of lesion caused by these viruses
Distant
127
Describe the incubation period of the systemic acute infection
Long
128
Describe the duration of immunity of systemic acute infection
Life long
129
Describe the role of IgA in systemic acute infection
Not important
130
What is present in the systemic acute infection?
Viremia
131
Describe the persistent infection
Chronic
132
What may not occur to the host cell in the persistent infection?
Lysis
133
Describe the time in which this infection occurs over
Long period
134
Which virus causes this persistent infection?
Replicating
135
What is an example of this virus?
Hepatitis B
136
What doesn't the virus undergo in the latent infection?
Replication
137
What is present between the infection and the appearance of the symptoms?
Delay
138
Describe the viruses in the latent infection
Dormant
139
Which factors of the host trigger this dormant virus?
Stress
140
What is an example of a virus that causes persistent infection?
Herpes virus
141
What is the normal cell changed to in the transformation infection?
Tumor
142
Which viruses are able to change the normal cell into a tumor?
Animal
143
What is an example of these viruses?
Oncogenic viruses
144
What are the 3 diagnostic methods in virology?
Direct detection
Isolation
Serological
145
What are directly detected? (3 points)
Virion
Antigen
Nucleic acid
146
Which virus is islolated?
Of clinical specimen
147
Where is the virus of clinical specimen isolated in? (3 points)
Cell culture
Eggs
Animals
148
Which diagnostic method of virology is used by the majority of common viruses?
Serology
149
What are the 5 direct examinations of specimen?
```
Electron microscopy
Immune electron microscopy
Light microscopy
Antigen detection
Molecular techniques
```
150
What is the electron microscopy required for?
| 2 points
Visualization
| Detection
151
What 2 features of viruses are identified by the electron microscopy?
Morphology
| Size
152
Which viruses are also detected by the electron microscopy?
That cannot be cultured
153
What is used in the immune electron microscopy?
Specific antibody
154
What is this specific antibody used for ?
Agglutination
155
What is does this specific antibody agglutinate together?
Virions
156
What is made easy as a result for these virions?
Recognition
157
What 2 features of the electron microscopy are enhanced when the virus specific antibody is used?
Sensitivity
| Specificity
158
What feature of the viruses are detected and stained by the light microscopy?
Inclusion bodies
159
What are the inclusion bodies?
Accumulation of virions
160
Which site are these virions accumulated at?
Assembly
161
What is an example of these inclusion bodies?
Negri bodies
162
Which infection is where these Negri bodies seen in?
Rabies
163
What are used to detect viral antigens?
Serological techniques
164
What are the 4 serological techniques used to detect viral antigens?
Precipitation
Agglutination
Immunofluorescence
ELISA
165
Which viruses are also detected by their antigens?
That cannot be cultured
166
Which feature of viruses is detected by molecular techniques?
Genome
167
What are the 2 ways used to detect the viral genome?
Nucleic acid hybridization
| Polymerase chain reaction
168
What is the polymerase chain reaction known as?
PCR
169
Which viruses are also detected by their genome?
That cannot be cultured
170
What are used for viral isolation in order for it to replicate? (3 points)
Tissue cell cultures
Fertilized eggs
Laboratory animals
171
What are the most common method for virus isolation in most laboratories?
Tissue cell cultures
172
What are these tissue cell cultures separated into? (3 points)
Primary cells
Semi-continuous diploid cells
Continuous cells
173
Describe the primary cells (2 points)
Normal
| Adult
174
How many times can these cells be passaged?
| 2 points
Once
Or
Twice
175
What is an example of these primary cells?
Monkey kidney
176
What are the semi-continuous diploid cells taken from?
Embryonic tissue
177
How many times are these cells passaged?
Up to 50
178
What is an example of these semi-continuous diploid cells?
Human embryonic kidney
179
Describe the continuous cells
Immortalized
180
What are the 2 examples of these continuous cells?
Tumor cell lines
| Hela cell
181
Which tissues are these tumor cell lines derived from? (2 points)
Human
Or
Animal
182
Describe the passage of these tumor cell lines
Indefinite
183
Where are the hela cells obtained from?
Carcinoma
184
What is this carcinoma of?
Cervix
185
What are inoculated with suitable clinical specimens?
Cell monolayers
186
What are these cells then observed for?
Cytological changes
187
What feature of viruses is indicated by these cytological changes?
Growth
188
What are detected for viral infected cell?
| 9 points
```
Plaque formation
Cytopathic effect
Inclusion body formation
Direct fluorescent antibody stain
Antigens
Haemadsorption
Interference
Morphologic transformation
Neutralization test
```
189
Which localized areas are the plaque formed in?
Of destructed cell
190
Where is this destructed cell in?
Monolayer culture
191
What are used for the plaques to appear?
Vital stains
192
What do these plaques appear as with the vital stains?
Unstained areas
193
Where are these unstained areas appear on?
Colored background
194
What is each plaque a result of?
Infection
195
How many cells are infected?
One
196
How many viruses infect this one cell?
One
197
What are the cytopathic effects known as?
CPE
198
Describe these cytopathic effects
Destructive
199
What feature of a virus causes microscopic destructive effects?
Growth
200
Which site is also detected instead of the inclusion body?
Replication
201
Which 2 stains are used to detect these inclusion bodies?
Hematoxylin
| Eosin
202
Describe the hematoxylin dye
Basic
203
Describe the eosin dye
Acidic
204
Which microscope is used to see these inclusion bodies?
Light
205
What are the antigens?
Proteins
206
Describe the viral antigens (2 points)
Soluble
| Specific
207
What are these antigens generally detected by?
Specific antibodies
208
Which protein is detected by these specific antibodies?
Of interest
209
What are the 2 tests used to detect these antigens?
Compliment fixation
| Hemagglutination
210
What is adsorbed in hemadsorption?
Erythrocytes
211
Which cells are these erythrocytes adsorbed to?
Virally-infected
212
Describe this reactive before any visible cytopathic changes
Positive
213
What are the 2 viruses that are mainly detected by the hemadsorption?
Influenza
| Parainfluenza
214
Which virus is interfered?
Known non-cytopathic
215
What is this virus used to interfere with?
Replication
216
Which virus replication is interfered by the known non-cytopathic virus?
Cytopathic
217
Where is the cytopathic virus replication interfered by the known non-cytopathic virus?
Infected cell
218
Which viruses is the morphological transformation associated with the infection of?
Oncogenic
219
What is lacked in the morphological transformation?
Contact inhibition
220
What is neutralized in the neutralization test?
CPE
221
What are used to neutralize the CPE?
Specific antisera
222
What is detected so that Serological diagnosis is done? (3 points)
Increased antibody titers
IgM
Sero-conversion
223
When does the IgM detected?
Recent infection
224
What is changed in Sero-conversion?
Antibody state
225
Which antibody state is changed in Sero-conversion?
Negative
226
To which antibody state is changed in Sero-conversion?
Positive
227
What are the 6 commonly used Serological tests?
```
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (EIA)
Western blot (WB)
Immunofluorescence techniques (IF)
Complement fixation tests
Hemagglutination inhibition tests
Neutralization tests
```
228
What do the Antiviral drugs target in the viral life cycle?
Steps
229
When are the 2 steps that the Antiviral drugs target in the viral life cycle?
Before cell entry
| During viral replication
230
What does the drug do with the ability of a virus to enter a target cell ,before cell entry?
Interference
231
What could the drug be similar to in a host cell so that it can interfere with the ability of a virus to enter a target cell?
Receptor
232
What else does the drug do in order to interfere with the ability of a virus to enter a target cell?
Inhibition
233
What feature of a virus is inhibited by the drug in order to interfere with the ability of a virus to enter a target cell?
Uncoating
234
What are the 2 viruses that use these 2 ways to interfere with the ability of a virus to enter a target cell?
Amantadine
| Rimantadine
235
What is disease where Amantadine and Rimantadine treat and prevent?
Influenza
236
What are involved the steps during viral replication which the Antiviral drug target? (4 points)
Nucleoside analogues
Protease inhibitors
Interferons
Release phase
237
What do the Nucleoside analogues look like? (2 points)
RNA
| DNA
238
What do the Nucleoside analogues do as a result of their similar appearance to RNA or DNA?
Deactivation
239
What do they deactivate?
Enzymes
240
What are the 3 Nucleoside analogues that deactivate the enzymes?
Acyclovir guanine
Zidovudine (AZT)
Ribavirin
241
Which infections is the Acyclovir guanine effective analogue?
Herpes
242
What is a type of Zidovudine (AZT) analogue?
Thymidine
243
Which enzyme does the Thymidine inhibit?
Reverse transcriptase
244
Which virus has this Reverse transcriptase enzyme?
HIV
245
What are used in the treatment of HIV infection? (2 points)
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
| Protease inhibitors
246
What are the 2 protease inhibitors that deactivate the enzymes?
Indinavir
| Saquinavir
247
Which virus do Indinavir and Saquinavir target their stage of replication?
HIV
248
Which stage of replication do Indinavir and Saquinavir inhibit?
Late
249
What do the interferons inhibit so that they can inhibit viral replication?
mRNA
250
What release is prevented by the Antiviral drugs in the release phase?
Virions
251
What is an example of an Antiviral drugs that prevent the release of virions in the release phase?
Oseltamivir
252
What is a type of Oseltamivir that prevent the release of virions in the release phase?
Tamiflu
253
What does the Oseltamivir treat?
Influenza
Microbiology
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