Viruses

Question 1

Name respiratory viruses (5)

Answer 1

flu, RSV, parainfluenza, rhinovirus, coronavirus

Question 2

name rash viruses? 4

Answer 2

measles, rubella, chickenpox, parvovirus

Question 3

what viruses are spread by mucosal? 2

Answer 3

• Herpes simplex virus
• HIV

Question 4

which virus is spread cutaneously?

Answer 4

*Human papillomavirus

Question 5

what viruses are spread by ingestion? 3

Answer 5

• Norovirus
• Rotavirus
• Hepatitis A and E

Question 6

which virsuses are spread via blood? 3

Answer 6

• HIV
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C

Question 7

which viruses are spread from mother to child in utero? 4

Answer 7

• Cytomegalovirus
• Rubella
• Parvovirus B19
• Varicella

Question 8

which viruses are spread perinatal? 3

Answer 8

• HIV
• Hepatitis B
• Herpes simplex virus

Question 9

which viruses are spread by ingestion? 2

Answer 9

• Hepatitis E
• Hantaviruses, Lassa

Question 10

which viruses are spread by insects?

Answer 10

• Dengue,
• Zika,
• West Nile (mosquitoes)
• Crimean Congo - Haemorrhagic Fever
• tick-borne encephalitis (ticks)

Question 11

which virus is spread via animal bite?

Answer 11

rabies

Question 12

what are the steps of viral replication? 6

Answer 12

1. Viruses use glycoproteins to attach to the cell wall receptor
2. Virus inside, RNA virus will replicate in the cytoplasm, DNA virus will replicate in the nucleus
3. Multiplies its copy of genome
4. RNA will be transcribed and translated into proteins
5. Virus made and capsid assembled
6. Escape out of the cell by enveloping or bursting the cell

Question 13

how to prevent viral spread? 3

Answer 13

Physical – condoms, DEET
Passive – antibody
Active – vaccines
* Killed
* Engineered antigen
* Live attenuated

Question 14

what are the antivriral classes? 4

Answer 14

• Non- specific – interferon
• Replication – nucleoside analogues
• Release – oseltamivir
• Others – protease inhibitors

Question 15

Name two antiviral drugs that are Neuraminidase inhibitors?

Answer 15

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir

Question 16

name 3 antivirals that are nucleotide analogues?

Answer 16

Acyclovir (Zovirax), valaciclovir, famciclovir

Question 17

what antiviral is used for cytomegalovirus?

Answer 17

Ganciclovir

Question 18

what antivirals are RNA polymerase inhibitors?

Answer 18

• RSV, Lassa fever (rarely used)

Question 19

What is a defining characteristic of viruses?

Answer 19

They require a host cell to replicate

Question 20

Which structure is NOT found in all viruses?

Answer 20

Lipid envelope

Question 21

Which viral shape consists of 20 flat triangular sides forming a nearly spherical structure?

Answer 21

Icosahedral

Question 22

What distinguishes a retrovirus from other RNA viruses?

Answer 22

It uses reverse transcriptase to convert RNA into DNA

Question 23

What is an example of a retrovirus?

Answer 23

HIV

Question 24

Enveloped viruses are generally:

Answer 24

More sensitive to detergents

Question 25

Which virus has a negative sense RNA genome?

Answer 25

Influenza

Question 26

What role does integrase play in the retroviral replication cycle?

Answer 26

Helps viral DNA integrate into the host genome

Question 27

How do positive-sense ssRNA viruses replicate?

Answer 27

Their RNA genome acts as mRNA and is directly translated

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a feature of enveloped viruses?

Answer 28

They are resistant to environmental stress

Question 29

What is a characteristic of obligate intracellular parasites like viruses?

Answer 29

They require a host cell to reproduce

Question 30

Why do RNA viruses mutate more frequently than DNA viruses?

Answer 30

RNA viruses lack proofreading mechanisms

Question 31

What is the primary reason why some viruses integrate their genome into the host DNA?

Answer 31

To facilitate long-term persistence in the host

Question 32

How do airborne viruses primarily spread?

Answer 32

Via aerosols that remain suspended in the air

Question 33

Why is it difficult to develop antiviral drugs?

Answer 33

Viruses use host cells to replicate, making it hard to target them without harming the host

Question 34

What is a physical method of viral infection prevention?

Answer 34

Condom use

Question 35

What is the mechanism of action of nucleoside analogues like Acyclovir?

Answer 35

They inhibit viral DNA polymerase by mimicking nucleotides

Question 36

Which class of antiviral drugs prevents the integration of viral DNA into the host genome?

Answer 36

Integrase inhibitors

Question 37

Which immune response is the first line of defense against viral infections?

Answer 37

Innate immunity

Question 38

Which type of immune cell specializes in killing virus-infected cells that have reduced MHC-I molecules?

Answer 38

Natural Killer (NK) cells

Question 39

How do viruses evade the immune system?

Answer 39

A) By changing their antigens B) By interfering with immune signaling C) By entering a latent phase

Question 40

What is viral latency?

Answer 40

The ability of a virus to remain dormant within a host cell

Question 41

Which of the following viruses is known to establish latency in the trigeminal ganglia?

Answer 41

Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)

Question 42

Which virus is known to establish latency in memory T cells?

Answer 42

HIV

Question 43

What is an example of passive immunity against viral infections?

Answer 43

Antibody therapy

Question 44

What is the main reason some viruses develop drug resistance?

Answer 44

Frequent mutations in their genome

Question 45

What is the role of protease inhibitors in antiviral therapy?

Answer 45

They prevent the cutting of viral proteins into functional units

Question 46

Which of the following viral diseases is primarily treated with uncoating inhibitors?

Answer 46

Influenza

Question 47

What is a major challenge in designing antiviral drugs?

Answer 47

Viruses replicate inside host cells, making selective targeting difficult

Question 48

What is the main benefit of vaccines in viral infections?

Answer 48

They stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight future infections