NUT1011 > viruses > Flashcards

viruses Flashcards

(40 cards)

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1
Q

all viruses are ___ ___ ___

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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2
Q

where can viruses grow?

A

host cells

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3
Q

what 3 criteria must a host cell meet for a virus to grow in it?

A
  1. have a genome (DNA/RNA)
  2. Protein coat and/or an envelope (outer membrane)
  3. Need host cell machinery to replicate
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4
Q

typical virus shapes

A

pentameters, hexers

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4
Q

role of animals in viruses

A

reservoirs

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5
Q

what are the five main structures?

A
  1. naked icosahedral
  2. naked helical
  3. enveloped icosahedral
  4. enveloped helical
  5. complex
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6
Q

viral genome?

A

the form of nucleic acid. transmitted in the virion

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7
Q

give examples of horizontal transmission of viruses

A
  • Fecal-oral/body fluids
  • Respiratory
  • Sexual
  • Mechanical
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7
Q

give some examples of vertical transmission

A
  • In womb
  • During birth
  • During breastfeeding
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8
Q

what are the 3 types of transmission of viruses?

A
  • Horizontal transmission (person to person)
  • Vertical transmission (mother to child)
  • Zoonotic transmission (animal to human)
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9
Q

what are the 5 stages of the cycle of infection?

A

transmission
entry
primary site of replication
spread within host
shedding

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10
Q

what are the 4 ways of entry for viruses?

A
  1. aerosol- breathing in virus particles
  2. infect via mucosal tissues
  3. infect via a break in the skin
  4. by vector directly into the blood
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11
Q

what are the 5 stages of viral replication?

A
  1. attatchment
  2. entry
  3. transcription and replication
  4. assembly and maturation
  5. release
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12
Q

what occurs in ‘attachment’?

A

virus finds and attaches to host cell’s receptor on its surface and then mechanisms can occur

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13
Q

DdDp=

A

DNA-depenadant DNA polymerase
(a DNA polymerase that uses a DNA template)

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13
Q

describe the entry and uncoating

A

virus forces a whole through a membrane and ejects its genome

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14
Q

DdRp=

Study These Flashcards
A

a DNA-dependant RNA polymerase
(an RNA polymerase that uses a DNA template)

15
Q

RdRp=

Study These Flashcards
A

RNA-dependant RNA polymerase
(an RNA polymerase that uses an RNA template)

16
Q

RdDp=

Study These Flashcards
A

RNA-dependant DNA polymerase
(a DNA polymerase that uses an RNA template)

17
Q

individuals at risk

Study These Flashcards
A

elderly
children under 5
immunocompromised
pregnant

18
Q

what is gastroenteritis, what are the symptoms and what its it caused by?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. inflammation of the GI tract
  2. vomiting, cramps, fatigue, fever
  3. virus, bacteria, parasites, chemicals
19
Q

treatment for regular gastroenteritis

Study These Flashcards
A

regular fluid intake
paracetamol
rest
avoid spicy foods etc

20
Q

name 3 viruses that are transmitted by the feral-oral route

Study These Flashcards
A

norovirus (NoV)
rotavirus
Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

21
Q

what cells does norovirus infect?

Study These Flashcards
A

immune cells and intestinal epithelial cells

22
how long can an individual hold and transmit norovirus after contracting it?
60 days
22
when do symptoms of norovirus present after infection and what are symptoms?
24-48hrs after infection sudden-onset nausea- projectile vomiting, watery diarrhoea
23
replication of norovirus process
1. binds to histo-blood group antigens to facilitate binding to the cell 2. Then virus interacts with its receptor and replicates
24
what are the 2 common genotypes of norovirus in the UK?
GII.4 and GII.17
24
common age to acquire rotavirus in HICs and LICs?
HICs: 12 months LICs: 2-5 years
25
how long does immunity to norovirus last
4 years
26
what form of GE causes life threatening GE?
rotavirus
27
impacts of rotavirus?
can't absorb water and pumps the water out of the gut. Cl- is pumped out and water follows, leading to watery diarrhoea
27
rotavirus affects what part of the body?
infects the tips of villus therefore reducing surface area available for absorption of nutrients
28
how many species of rotavirus exist?
11
29
what is the main serotype of rotavirus?
G1
30
what can be some later symptoms (2-7 week pi) of HAV?
digestive issues, liver issues, pain in upper right quadrant of abdomen, rash
31
hepatitis A causes what?
acute liver disease
32
what can HAV be inactivated by?
chlorine and UV radiation which is done in water treatment
33
is there a vaccine for HAV and what are its characteristics?
yes, 95% effective, provides life-long immunity
34
what are the 4 types of vaccine?
live killed whole virus subunit vaccines gene delivery
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