What 3 factors does a Vitamin’s solubility affect?
- Absorption,
- Transport
- Excretion
Name the Fat Soluble Vitamins?
Vitamins ( D, E, A, K)
Mnemonic is “DEAK”
Sidenote.
+Fat soluble vitamins enter lymph and then the blood. +Helper proteins/lipids.
+Fat soluble are store more than water soluble and last longer.
Vitamin B1?
Thiamine (B1)
- Water soluble
- Part of coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) ( 2 phosphate struck together. TPP is involved is essential for carboxylase reaction, transferase reactions, and is important in the biosynthesis of ACh and GABA.
- Involved in many cellular processes including making “ATP” for energy (Brain/heart etc)
- Necessary for the functioning of enzymes including:
Branched Chain Amino Acid Dehydrogenase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase, Alpha Ketogluterate dehydrogenase, and transketolase. ( ENZYMES USED TO MAKE ATP FOR ENERGY)
-Thaimine is synthesis by bacteria, fungi, but not humans. WE MUST CONSUME!!
Deficiencies:
-Beriberi and Weinicki-Korsakoff Syndrome.
-ATP Depletion ( aerobic tissues like the brain and heart and affected 1st).
-ATP depletion can be worsened by administration of glucose.
At Risk: Alcoholics, persons living in poverty ( malnourished).
Wernicki Korsakoof Syndrome
Due to Thiamine (B1) deficiency
- Loss of appetite
- Depression,
- Unsteady on feet
- Weird eye movements
- Abnormal stance
- Loss of memory
Beriberi
Due to Thiamine (B1) deficiency.
- There are 2 forms; both usually present at the same time.
- Wet: effects the cardiovascular systems
- Dry: effects the peripheral nerve system. impairs sensory, motor, and reflexs in distal more than proximal limb segments.
Riboflavin
Riboflavin (B2)
- Serves as coenzyme for energy metabolism.
- Falvin Mononucleotide (FMN)-> Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) ( FlavoProteins)
-FAD makes 2-ATP ( VIA citric acid cycle: succinate is oxidized to fumerate releasing energy)
-REDOX-LEOGER
(involved in metabolism of carbs and lipids)
UV light and irradiation destroys.
Deficency
-Inflamation of: Mouth, tongue (glossitis), crack at corner of mouth ( angular cheilitis, photophobia, and scotal dermatitis.
Niacin
Vitamin (B3)
+(TWO FORMS) Nicotinic Acid, and Nicotinamide (usual form)
+Involved in energy metabolism
- Coenzyme of NAD+
- (REDOX) Nicotinamide (NADNADH)
- Body makes Niacin from Tryptophan. ( still need intake)
- Our body can make if enough tryptophan is around.
- Can be made in liver
- Vitamin B6 is needed to convert trytophan to Niacin
( thiamine, riboflavin, Vitamin b6, iron and tryptophan are all needed.
DEFICIENCY
- PELLAGRA (4D’s=Diarrhea, dermatitis, Dementia, Death)
- HARTNUP’s Disease: inability to take up Tryptophan.
Toxicity:
Niacin flush “too much”- itchy, tingling, can be painful.
Pantothenic Acid
Pantothenic Acid ( Vitamin B5)
- Part of chemical structure of Coenzyme A (CoA)
- Needed to synthesize CoA.
- used in cosmetics
Deficiency is rare.
Pellagra
Due to deficiency of Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
4 D’s ( Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia, Death)
Hartnup’s Disease
Due to deficiency of Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
-Inability to take up/in tryptophan
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
-3 forms ( Pyridoxal, Pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine)5’ phospholated forms
Conversation to coenzyme PLP ( phospholated form of pyridoxal)
Involved in :
- Amino Acid metabolism ( transamination/deamination rxns)
- glycogen metabolism
- NEEDED for conversion of tryptophan to niacin or seratonin
- Synthesis of Heme, nucleic acids and lipids.
Deficiency:
- Dietary deficiency is RARE
- High protein intake requires more pyridoxine (depression, irritability, confusion)
- Ihibits uptake of Pyridoxine ( ETOH, and Isoniazid-TB Med)
Toxicity:
Irreversible nerve degeneration-destruction of dorsal root ganglia (painful numbness in extremities)
Biotin
Biotin (B7)
Coenzyme that carries activated CO2 ( carboxylase rxn)
Produced in the gut.
-Critical in TCA Cycle
Participates in gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis
Participates in synthesis of isoleucine and valine.
Deficiency
-Rare ( because GI produces biotin)
-Too many raw eggs- egg whites have protein that binds BIOTIN)
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