Vitamin Structures

Question 1

β-carotene

Answer 1

Question 2

Retinol (A)

Answer 2

Question 3

Calciferol (D)

Answer 3

Question 4

Tocoferol (E)

Answer 4

Question 5

Phylloquinone (K)

Answer 5

Question 6

Thiamine (B₁)

Answer 6

Question 7

Riboflavin (B₂)

Answer 7

Question 8

Niacin (B₃)

Answer 8

Question 9

Pantothenic Acid (B₅)

Answer 9

Question 10

Pyridoxine (B₆)

Answer 10

Question 11

Biotin (H)

Answer 11

Question 12

Folic Acid (B₉)

Answer 12

Question 13

Cobalamin (B₁₂)

Answer 13

Question 14

Ascorbic acid (C)

Answer 14

Question 15

Choline structure

Answer 15

Question 16

Inositol

Answer 16

Question 17

Nicotinamide/NADP⁺ formation

Answer 17

Question 18

Sources of Retinol

Answer 18

• B-carotene
• Cod liver oil
• Orange + yellow vegetables
• Broccoli
• Fruit

Question 19

Deficiency of Retinol

Answer 19

• Hyperkeratinisation
• Xerophthalmia
• Keratomalacia
• Exostosis
• Abnormal sperm/oocytes

Question 20

Sources of Cholecalciferol

Answer 20

• Liver
• Eggs
• Milk
• Sundried hay
• Cheese

Question 21

Deficiency of Cholecalciferol

Answer 21

• Rickets
• Osteomalacia
• Poor eggshell formation

Question 22

Sources of Tocopherol

Answer 22

• Grain oils
• Wheat germ oils
• Egg
• Butter
• Milk
• Meat

Question 23

Deficiency of Tocopherol

Answer 23

• Sterility in males
• White muscle disease
• Crazy chicken disease
• Encephalomalacia
• Brain oedema

Question 24

Sources of Phylloquinone

Answer 24

• Alfa alfa
• Cabbage
• Chestnut leaves
• Kale
• Sprouts
• Broccoli

Question 25

Deficiency of **Phylloquinone**

Answer 25

* Poor blood clotting * Haemorrhage * Poor bone formation

Question 26

Sources of **Thiamine**

Answer 26

* Meat * Fish * Milk * Outer layer of wholegrains

Question 27

Deficiency of **Thiamine**

Answer 27

* Polyneurotitis in poultry * Beri-beri * Chasteks paralysis * Necrotic encephalopathy

Question 28

Sources of **Riboflavin**

Answer 28

* Cereals * Nuts * Green leaves * Yeast * Eggs * Avocados * Fish * Meat

Question 29

Deficiency of **Riboflavin**

Answer 29

* Slow growth * Symmetric dermatitis * Curled toe disease * Periodic ophthalmia

Question 30

Sources of **Niacin**

Answer 30

* Dairy * Poultry * Fish * Lean Meat * Nuts * Eggs

Question 31

Deficiency of **Niacin**

Answer 31

* Pellegra - DDD * Black tongue (dog)

Question 32

Sources of **Pantothenic acid**

Answer 32

* Meat * Avocados * Mushroom * Peppers * Yeast

Question 33

Deficiency of **Pantothenic acid**

Answer 33

* Achromotrochia * Chicken Pellegra * Anaemia * 'Goose-stepping'

Question 34

Sources of **Folic** **acid**

Answer 34

* Beans * Legumes * Citrus fruits * Wholegrains * Meat * _Microbial synthesis_

Question 35

Deficiency of **Folic acid**

Answer 35

* Macrocytic hyperchromic anaemia * Slow growth

Question 36

Sources of **Pyridoxine**

Answer 36

* Grains * Yeast * Meat * Liver * Eggs

Question 37

Deficiency of **Pyridoxine**

Answer 37

* Neural damage (GABA ↓) * Normocytic anaemia

Question 38

Sources of **Ascorbic acid**

Answer 38

* Fresh fruit + veg * Ø Microbial synthesis * Ø Storage * Synthesis of ascorbic acid

Question 39

Give the steps of **Ascorbic acid** synthesis

Answer 39

1. Glucose 2. UDP-glucose 3. UDP Glucuronate 4. α-gluconate 5. α-gluconolactone 6. 2-keto-2-gluconolactone 7. Ascorbic acid

Question 40

Deficiency of **Ascorbic** **acid**

Answer 40

* Scurvey * Heat stress in birds * Anaemia * Weakened bones * Slowed skin growth

Question 41

Sources of **biotin**

Answer 41

* Nuts * Grains * Liver * Egg yolk * _Microbial synthesis_

Question 42

Deficiency of **biotin**

Answer 42

* Dermatitis * Alopecia * Skin irritation * Slow growth * Necrotic hood damage * Bloody ulcers of foot and tongue

Question 43

Sources of **Cobalamine**

Answer 43

Animal origin: * Milk * Eggs * Milk

Question 44

Deficiency of **Cobalamine**

Answer 44

* Macrocytic hyperchromic anaemia * Ø Purine + thymine synthesis * Lack of IF production in the stomach * Bird egg production ↓