Retinoids refer to all compounds chemically related to retinol.
Vitamin A
pseudotumor cerebri (headache, vomiting, blurred vision, stupor)
Acute toxicity of Vit. A
Increased risk for hip fractures, teratogenic in pregnancy
Chronic toxicity of Vit. A
- Regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis
- Immunomodulation and antiproliferative
- can prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- can prevent certain types of cancers (colon, breast, and prostate cancer)
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
Vit D obtained from fungal organisms (mushrooms, ergots)
D2 ergocalciferol
Vit D produced by the body with UVB radiation
D3 cholecalciferol
- hypercalcemia → Blood vessel contraction → hypertension
- calcification of soft tissues
Toxicity of Vit. D
- Rickets: before close of epiphysis (in children)
- Osteomalacia: after the closure of epiphysis (adults)
Deficiency of Vit. D
Most powerful exogenous antioxidant
Vit. E
- Reduces platelet aggregation
- Interferes with the effects of Vit. K
Toxicity of VIt. E
- Muscle weakness due to axonal degeneration
- Demyelination
- Hemolytic anemia
Deficiency of Vit. E
Other micronutrients with antioxidant effects include:
o Vitamin A
o Vitamin C
o Vitamin E (most potent)
o Zinc
o Selenium
Coagulation vitamin
Vit. K
Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors
2, 7, 9, 10, C, S
Forms of Vitamin K:
K1 = phylloquinone
K2 = menaquinone
K3 = menadione
Vit. K from diet
K1 = phylloquinone
Vit. K from GI flora
K2 = menaquinone
synthetic form and the water-soluble form of Vitamin K
K3 = menadione
- Hemolysis → hyperbilirubinemia → kernicterus (CNS damage due to high amounts of bilirubin)
Toxicity of Vit. K
- Bleeding
- Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
Deficiency of Vit. K
- Also known as antiscorbutic (scurvy) factor
o antioxidant
o improves iron absorption
o required for several metabolic pathways (e.g. collagen synthesis, catecholamines, bile synthesis, folate activation, adrenal hormones, etc.)
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis
- Increased risk for iron toxicity
TOXICITY of Vit. C
- Scurvy:
o corkscrew hair
o swollen gums
o bleeding
o poor wound healing - Weakened immune response
Deficiency of Vit. C
B1
thiamine
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Qualitative Tests for Amino Acids20
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Qualitative tests for Carbohydrates31
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Parts of the Cell24
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Vitamins42
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Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation8
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Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Spingolipidoses8
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Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Mucopolysaccharidoses24
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Derivatives of amino acid7
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Aminoacidopathies (Inborn Errors of Metabolism)16
