vitamins

Question 1

A
Name
Forms
Active Forms
Function
Deficiency

Answer 1

• Retinol
• b carotene(plant)/retinol (animal)
• retinaldehyde/retinoic acid
• vision(retinaldehyde) and cellular grown (retinoic acid)
• night blindness, perifollicular kyperkeratosis(hard, rough nodules)
• xeropthalmia(keratomalacia)

Question 2

D
From
Activated Form
Function 
Deficiency
People affected

Answer 2

• Cholecalciferol
• D3–>kidney 1,25 (OH)2-D3

-intestine ca absorption
kidney ca reabsorption
bone ca resorption

• rickets, osteomalacia
• kidney problems can lead to D problems, elderly with little sun exposure, breast fed infants of color

Question 3

E
name
function

Answer 3

tocopherols
free Radicals
-inhibition of platelet formation
-with PUFAs and can protect them from oxidation

Question 4

K
function
coenzyme for:
causes what disease

Answer 4

phylloquinone
coagulation
gamma glutamyl carboxylase
hemorrhagic disease of the new born

Question 5

B1
Name
Part of...which is a Coenzyme for...
Disease 
Random Deficiency effects 
Seen in who

Answer 5

Thiamine
TPP
Pyruvate dehydrogenase 
Berberi 
Cerebral Beriberi-ataxia opthalmolegia
-pentose pathway
peripheral neuropathy
inability to maintain muscle tone
cardiac bereiberi

Question 6

B2 
Name
Part of....that is a coenzyme for...
Deficiency signs
excess

Answer 6

Riboflavin
FAD, FMN
Succinate dehydrogenase
glossitis, angular stomatis 
bright yellow urine

Question 7

B3
Synthesized from
Reactions involving
Disease

Answer 7

Niacin 
Tryptophan 
NAD and NADPH
Pellegra (necklace)
4 D's (derm, diarrhea, death, dementia)

Question 8

B9
Name
Function
Deficiency

Answer 8

Folic Acid
Purine and pyrimidine synthesis and methylation of tRNA
-transfers methyl group

Low–>decrease in TMP(thymidine monophosphate)–>decreased DNA synthesis

• Metabolastic Anemia
• Neural tube defects

-Hyperhomocysteinemia–>CVD

***Decreased thymidine monophosphate

Question 9

B12
Name
Function
Deficiency

Answer 9

Cobalamin

1. Enzyme: Methylmalonyl coA mutase
   (methylmalonyl coA–>succinyl coA)
   (Creb cycle)

Deficiency: Methylmalonly coA mutase doesnt work and instead methylmalonyl coA goes to methylmalonic acid–>increased urinary methylmalonic acid

2. Methione Metabolism
   Enzyme: Methionine synthase(homocystein mehtyltransferase)

Deficiency: Increase in Homocystein–>Hyperhomocysteinemia

3. if no IF B12 not absorbed–>pernicious anemia
4. Methyl trap
   need methionine synthase for recycling of tetrahydrofolate

*****increased urinary methylmalonic acid

**Hyperhomocysteinemia

***need methionine synthase for recycling of tetrahydrofolate

Question 10

B9+B12

Answer 10

methionine synthetase

Hyperhomocysteinemia–>CVD

Question 11

Ca

function

Answer 11

intracellular signaling

low calcium leads to increased pth and activation of D

Question 12

Phosphorus
function
refeeding syndrome

Answer 12

bone, phospholipids, acid/base

refeeding syndrome: rapid glycogen synthesis–>depletion of plasma phosphorus

Question 13

Iron

Answer 13

Transferrin=Fe3
Ferritin=Fe2
Heme iron=animal food=Fe2
Non heme iron=plant and animal=Fe2 or Fe3

Deficiency:
less ferritin but more transferrin receptor

Signs: microcytic, hypochronic anemia

Seen in:
Men GI bleeds
Premetapausal females
Shortened gestation baby

Symptoms: fatigue, pallor, impaired cognitive, decreased body temp reg, decreased immune

• ***Test: TIBC
• measures capacity of transerrin to accept iron–>increased in deficiency!!!

Question 14

Iodine
cofactor for
deficiency causes

Answer 14

thryoxine

goiter

Question 15

C
name
function
deficiency causes

Answer 15

ascorbic acid
post translational modification of collagen
prolyl or lysyl hydroxylase
scruvy