Vitamins

Question 1

What are the symptoms of vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency?

Answer 1

• Impaired glucose breakdown (ATP depletion)
• Wet Beri Beri – cardiac issues
• Dry Beri Beri – neurological issues
• Wernicke Encephalopathy – seen in alcoholics (decrease in TPP, increase in pyruvate, increase in lactic acid)

Question 2

What are the symptoms of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency?

Answer 2

• Cheilosis – inflammation at lips/scaling
• Corneal vascularization

Question 3

What are the symptoms of vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency?

Answer 3

Pellagra (3Ds – dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia)

Question 4

What are the symptoms of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) deficiency?

Answer 4

• Dermatitis
• enteritis
• alopecia
• adrenal insufficiency

Question 5

What are the symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency?

Answer 5

• Convulsions
• microcytic/sideroblastic/hypochromic anemia

Question 6

What are the symptoms of vitamin B7 deficiency?

Answer 6

None

Question 7

What are the symptoms of vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency?

Answer 7

Macrocytic/megaloblastic anemia

Question 8

What are the symptoms of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency?

Answer 8

Macrocytic/pernicious anemia (neurological defects)

Question 9

What are the symptoms of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency?

Answer 9

• Bruising
• petechiae (blood vessels bursting causing blood spots under skin)
• kidney stones
• scurvy
• decreased immune response
• microcytic/hypochromic anemia

Question 10

What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 10

• Rickett’s (bowlegs)
• oesteomalacia (bone pain)

Question 11

What are the symptoms of vitamin E (tocopherol) deficiency?

Answer 11

• Hemolytic anemia
• neurological symptoms

Question 12

What are the symptoms of vitamin K (phylloquinone) deficiency?

Answer 12

None

Question 13

What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 13

• Night blindness
• scaly skin
• cornea degeneration
• spots on conjunctiva

Question 14

What are causes of vitamin B7 (biotin) defeciency?

Answer 14

• antibiotics
• raw egg whites (contain avidin)

Question 15

Who are the two at risk populations of vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency?

Answer 15

pregnant women (spina bifida/neural tube defects) and alcoholics

Question 16

What are the five causes of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency?

Answer 16

1. Decreased secretion of pancreatic proteases (CF)
2. Limited IF secretion
3. Gastritis
4. Parasites
5. Vegan Diets

Question 17

What are the causes of vitamin K deficiency?

Answer 17

• Not in breast-milk (babies require injection at birth)
• prolonged use of antibiotics decrease levels

Question 18

What is the bioactive form of vitamin B1?

Answer 18

TPP

Question 19

What is the bioactive form of vitamin B2?

Answer 19

FAD and FMN

Question 20

What is the bioactive form of vitamin B3 and what is one of its sources?

Answer 20

• NAD+, NADP+
• derived from tryptophan

Question 21

What is the bioactive form of vitamin B6?

Answer 21

PLP

Question 22

What is the bioactive form of vitamin B9 and how long and where is it stored?

Answer 22

• THF
• Stored for 3 months
• Liver

Question 23

How long is vitamin B12 stored for and where?

Answer 23

• 3 years
• liver

Question 24

What is the bioactive form of vitamin C?

Answer 24

Ascorbate

Question 25

What is the bioactive form of vitamin D?

Answer 25

Calcitriol (requires sunlight for activation)

Question 26

What is the function of vitamin A?

Answer 26

* Antioxidant * Visual pigment * Treats acne/measles/leukemia * Differentiation of epithelial cells

Question 27

What is the function of vitamin B1 (thiamin)?

Answer 27

Cofactor in: * Pyruvate DH * Alpha-KG DH * Transketolase * Branched chain alpha-keto acid DH

Question 28

What is the function of vitamin B2?

Answer 28

Cofactors in redox reactions

Question 29

What is the function of vitamin B3?

Answer 29

* Cofactors in redox reactions * treats dyslipidemia (lowers LDL, increases HDL)

Question 30

What is the function of vitamin B5?

Answer 30

Component of CoA and fatty acid synthesis

Question 31

What is the function of vitamin B6?

Answer 31

* Cofactor in transamination (AST/ALT) * Decarboxylation * Heme synthesis * Neurotransmitter synthesis

Question 32

What is the function of vitamin B7?

Answer 32

* Think eggs * cofactor for carboxylation (adds 1C)

Question 33

What is the function of vitamin B9?

Answer 33

* Cofactor for 1C metabolism * Important in DNA/AA synthesis/Beta-oxidation of FAs

Question 34

What is the function of vitamin B12?

Answer 34

Cofactor in 2 reactions: * Methionine synthase * methylmanoyl-CoA; Important in myelin regulation, DNA/RNA synthesis

Question 35

What is the function of vitamin C?

Answer 35

* Antioxidant * collagen synthesis (proline and lysine hydroxylation) * tyrosine synthesis * Carnitine synthesis (methionine/lysine hydroxylation) * neurotransmitter synthesis * iron absorption

Question 36

What is the function of vitamin D?

Answer 36

* Maintains Ca++/PO4-2 * Bone mineralization (low [Ca++]) * Bone resorption (high [Ca++])

Question 37

What is the function of vitamin E?

Answer 37

Antioxidant: protects RBC from ROS

Question 38

What is the function of vitamin K?

Answer 38

* Necessary for clotting factors (warfarin inhibits) * Inactive form synthesized by intestinal flora

Question 39

What are the symptoms of excess in vitamin A?

Answer 39

Teratogenic (cleft palate/cardiac abnormalities)

Question 40

What are the symptoms of excess in vitamin B3?

Answer 40

Flushing (release of PGs)

Question 41

What are the symptoms of excess in vitamin C?

Answer 41

Iron toxicity with increased absorption

Question 42

What are the symptoms of excess in vitamin D?

Answer 42

Hypercalcemia (loss of appetite)