Vitamins

Question 1

What are the symptoms of vitamin E (tocopherol) deficiency?

Answer 1

• Hemolytic anemia
• neurological symptoms

Question 2

What is the bioactive form of vitamin D?

Answer 2

Calcitriol (requires sunlight for activation)

Question 3

What are the symptoms of vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency?

Answer 3

Pellagra (3Ds – dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia [hallucinations])

Question 4

What is the function of vitamin B9?

Answer 4

• Cofactor for 1C metabolism
• Important in DNA/AA synthesis/Beta-oxidation of FAs

Question 5

What are the symptoms of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency?

Answer 5

• Cheilosis – inflammation at lips/scaling
• Corneal vascularization

Question 6

What is the function of vitamin D?

Answer 6

• Maintains Ca++/PO4-2
• Bone mineralization (low [Ca++])
• Bone resorption (high [Ca++])

Question 7

What are the causes of vitamin K deficiency?

Answer 7

• Not in breast-milk (babies require injection at birth)
• prolonged use of antibiotics decrease levels

Question 8

What are the symptoms of vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency?

Answer 8

• Impaired glucose breakdown (ATP depletion)
• Wet Beri Beri – cardiac issues
• Dry Beri Beri – neurological issues
• Wernicke Encephalopathy – seen in alcoholics (decrease in TPP, increase in pyruvate, increase in lactic acid)

Question 9

How long is vitamin B12 stored for and where?

Answer 9

• 3 years
• liver

Question 10

What is the function of vitamin B5?

Answer 10

Component of CoA and fatty acid synthesis

Question 11

What are the symptoms of excess in vitamin A?

Answer 11

Teratogenic (cleft palate/cardiac abnormalities)

Question 12

What is the function of vitamin B3?

Answer 12

• Cofactors in redox reactions
• treats dyslipidemia (lowers LDL, increases HDL)

Question 13

What are the symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency?

Answer 13

• Convulsions
• microcytic/sideroblastic/hypochromic anemia

Question 14

What are the symptoms of vitamin B7 deficiency?

Answer 14

None

Question 15

What is the bioactive form of vitamin B6?

Answer 15

PLP

Question 16

What are the symptoms of vitamin K (phylloquinone) deficiency?

Answer 16

None

Question 17

What are the symptoms of vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency?

Answer 17

Macrocytic/megaloblastic anemia

Question 18

Who are the two at risk populations of vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency?

Answer 18

pregnant women (spina bifida/neural tube defects) and alcoholics

Question 19

What are the symptoms of excess in vitamin C?

Answer 19

Iron toxicity with increased absorption

Question 20

What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 20

• Rickett’s (bowlegs)
• oesteomalacia (bone pain)

Question 21

What are the symptoms of excess in vitamin B3?

Answer 21

Flushing (release of PGs)

Question 22

What is the function of vitamin B1 (thiamin)?

Answer 22

Cofactor in:

• Pyruvate DH
• Alpha-KG DH
• Transketolase
• Branched chain alpha-keto acid DH

Question 23

What is the bioactive form of vitamin B2?

Answer 23

FAD and FMN

Question 24

What is the bioactive form of vitamin C?

Answer 24

Ascorbate

Question 25

What are causes of vitamin B7 (biotin) defeciency?

Answer 25

* antibiotics * raw egg whites (contain avidin)

Question 26

What is the bioactive form of vitamin B3 and what is one of its sources?

Answer 26

* NAD+, NADP+ * derived from tryptophan

Question 27

What are the symptoms of excess in vitamin D?

Answer 27

Hypercalcemia (loss of appetite)

Question 28

What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 28

* Night blindness * scaly skin * cornea degeneration * spots on conjunctiva

Question 29

What is the function of vitamin B7?

Answer 29

* Think eggs * cofactor for carboxylation (adds 1C)

Question 30

What is the function of vitamin B2?

Answer 30

Cofactors in redox reactions

Question 31

What are the symptoms of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency?

Answer 31

Macrocytic/pernicious anemia (neurological defects) * hypersegmented neutrophils * paresthesias (numbness)/ataxia

Question 32

What is the function of vitamin A?

Answer 32

* Antioxidant * Visual pigment * Treats acne/measles/leukemia * Differentiation of epithelial cells

Question 33

What is the bioactive form of vitamin B9 and how long and where is it stored?

Answer 33

* THF * Stored for 3 months * Liver

Question 34

What is the bioactive form of vitamin B1?

Answer 34

TPP

Question 35

What is the function of vitamin B6?

Answer 35

* Cofactor in transamination (AST/ALT) * Decarboxylation * Heme synthesis * Neurotransmitter synthesis

Question 36

What is the function of vitamin K?

Answer 36

* Necessary for clotting factors (warfarin inhibits) * Inactive form synthesized by intestinal flora

Question 37

What is the function of vitamin B12?

Answer 37

Cofactor in 2 reactions: * Methionine synthase * methylmanoyl-CoA; Important in myelin regulation, DNA/RNA synthesis

Question 38

What are the five causes of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency?

Answer 38

1. Decreased secretion of pancreatic proteases (CF) 2. Limited IF secretion 3. Gastritis 4. Parasites 5. Vegan Diets

Question 39

What is the function of vitamin C?

Answer 39

* Antioxidant * collagen synthesis (proline and lysine hydroxylation) * tyrosine synthesis * Carnitine synthesis (methionine/lysine hydroxylation) * neurotransmitter synthesis * iron absorption

Question 40

What is the function of vitamin E?

Answer 40

Antioxidant: protects RBC from ROS

Question 41

What are the symptoms of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) deficiency?

Answer 41

* Dermatitis * enteritis * alopecia * adrenal insufficiency

Question 42

What are the symptoms of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency?

Answer 42

* Bruising * petechiae (blood vessels bursting causing blood spots under skin) * kidney stones * scurvy * decreased immune response * microcytic/hypochromic anemia