Viticulture

Question 1

Common rootstock

Answer 1

1. Riparia x Rupestris
2. Berlandieri x Riparia
3. Berlandieri x Rupestris

Question 2

Ungrafted Rootstocks (Locations)

Answer 2

• Atacama Valley
• Barossa
• Santorini
• Canary Islands
• Salta
• Columbia Valley
• Colares
• Mt Etna
• Armenia and Georgia

Question 3

Head Training – Goblet

Answer 3

• Spur Pruned
• Southern Rhone / Californian Zinfandel/
  Southern Italy/Spain
• Albarello in Italy
• En Vaso in Spain
• Good for infertile soils, warm climates
• Keeps grapes warm but bad for cool
  climates as grapes would be prone to
  disease.
• One of the oldest vine training methods.
  Labor intensive.

Question 4

Head Training – Guyot

Answer 4

• Cane Pruned
• Single or Double Guyot
• Piedmonte, Burgundy (Single)
• Bordeaux, Champagne, Alsace, Loire,
  Jura, Savoie (Double)
• Good for low yielding vines.
• Good control of buds on the cane for
  canopy and yield management.
• Good spread of canopy and easy to
  prune for fruit with good sun and wind
  exposure. Easy to manage.

Question 5

Head Training – Basket Training

Answer 5

Spur Pruned
- Kouloura in Santorini, Greece
- Coonawarra

Question 6

Cordon Training (Single)

Answer 6

• Simple Cordon or Single Cordon
• Spur Pruned on each cordon
• High volume compared to cane prune.
• Mechanically efficient
• Good control over height and exposure
  to elements.
• Easier to prune for inexperienced.
• Whole Cordon susceptible to diseases
  and rot as it gets older and becomes
  troublesome.
• Champagne, Burgundy, Beaujolais,
  Roussillon, Corsica
• Also known as Cordon de Royat, Cordon
  Speronato (Italy)

Question 7

Cordon Training (Double)

Answer 7

• Double Cordon
• Spur Pruned.
• Even more mechanically efficient but
  loses vigour over time.
• Gets more difficult to manage over
  time.
• Beaujolais, Bordeaux, Corsica
• Also known as Cordon Doble (Spain)

Question 8

Cordon Training (Double Curtain)

Answer 8

• Geneva System (Double Curtain)
• Spur Pruned
• USA, Many high volume places
• Designed in the 1960s for non-vinifera
  species. Concorde specifically
• High volume, high yields.
• Vines are trained downwards rather
  than upwards.

Question 9

Cordon Training (Lyre System)

Answer 9

-Spur Pruned
-Developed by Alain Corbonneau in 1980s in
Bordeaux.
-Like Geneva double curtain but vines are
trained upwards.
-This creates gaps for more wind and sun
exposure compared to GDC.
-Less vigorous than GDC.
-Bordeaux (mass), China, USA, OZ

Question 10

Scott Henry training

Answer 10

Cane Pruned (Hybrid prunes)
- Scott Henry (Oregon)
- Created by Scott Henry in Umpqua
- Cane pruned
- Increases yields by having 4 canes in cool climate site
- Spreads out canopy to assist in ripening (more sunlight)
- Labor intensive and expensive.

Question 11

Smart Dyson Trellis

Answer 11

• Hybrid prunes
• Spur pruned
• Smart Dyson Trellis
• Similar to Scott Henry but spur pruned
• Creates more yield than Scott Henry but
  maintains similar canopy management.

Question 12

Vertical Shoot Positioning

Answer 12

• Hybrid prunes
• Very similar to Double Guyot but with additional 4 canes instead of 2. One cane is trained higher than the previous year’s cane.
• Trained much higher than Guyot with
  greater separation between canopy and fruit.
• Neat and good for mechanical
  harvesting

Question 13

Mosel Arch / Pendelbogen

Answer 13

Unique Cane Pruned Based
- No way to set up trellising.
- Required canopy with easier growing
fruit that was lower to the ground.
Creating more heat at night.
- Harder to harvest as it is low.

Question 14

Pergola system

Answer 14

Unique Cane Pruned Based
- Pergola (Italy) or Enforcado/Ramada
(Portugal), Parral (ARG and Spain),
Tendone (Italy), Verandah (SA)
- Ancient method. Fertile soils with water.
Spread out vegetation and fruit yields.
- Easier harvest. Manage soils with high
disease pressure.

Question 15

Irrigation Systems

Answer 15

• Dripper System Irrigation
• Precise water distribution at precise times
  to precise areas. Water supplied as
  drops to base of each vine. (USA)
• Furrow Irrigation
• Water funneled into furrow channels that
  vines are planted in. (Argentina)
• Flood Irrigation
• Water from supply canal flooded down
  rows. (Australia, USA)
• Ceres Irrigation System
• Aerial Imagery System to reduce cost and
  manage water distribution.

Question 16

Crossing: Muller Thurgau

Answer 16

Rhine Riesling x Magdeleine Royale
Germany, Italy

Question 17

Crossing: Petite Sirah

Answer 17

Syrah x Peloursin
USA, Australia

Question 18

Crossing: Shiraz

Answer 18

Dureza x Mondeuse Blanche
France, Australia, NZ, SA,
USA

Question 19

Crossing: Sangiovese

Answer 19

Cilliegiolo x Calabrese di Montenuovo
Italy

Question 20

Crossing: Carmenere

Answer 20

Gros Cabernet x Cabernet Franc
Chile

Question 21

Crossing: Torrontes

Answer 21

Criolla Chica x Muscat of Alexandria
Argentina

Question 22

Crossing: Marselan

Answer 22

Cabernet x Grenache
China, France

Question 23

Crossing: Malbec

Answer 23

Prunelard x Magdeleine Noire des Charentes
Argentina

Question 24

Crossing: Merlot

Answer 24

Cabernet Franc x Magdeleine Noire des Charentes
France, USA, Australia, Italy

Question 25

Hybrid: Vidal

Answer 25

Ugni Blanc x Rayon d’Or France, 1930

Question 26

Hybrid: Alicante Bouschet

Answer 26

Petit Bouschet x Garnacha Tinta France, 1866

Question 27

The average growing temperature for grapes to ripen lies between _____ degrees Celsius.

Answer 27

10-20 degrees Celsius

Question 28

Red grapes prefer a summer temperature of averagely ____ degrees Celsius

Answer 28

21

Question 29

White grapes prefer a summer temperature of averagely ____ degrees Celsius.

Answer 29

19

Question 30

Grapes require a minimum of --- hrs of sunshine or approximately --- days of sun to support viticulture.

Answer 30

1300/100

Question 31

Grapes require --- inches of rainfall annually.

Answer 31

10-30

Question 32

Soil: Jory

Answer 32

Oregon (Deep, well-drained soil)

Question 33

Soil: Galestro/Schist

Answer 33

Alsace

Question 34

Soil: Flint/Silex

Answer 34

Sancerre terres blanches/caillottes/Silex

Question 35

Soil: Gneiss

Answer 35

Austrian

Question 36

Soil: Greywacke

Answer 36

New Zealand (grey sandstone with a high clay content and plenty of coarse-grained particles giving stony, free-draining soils)

Question 37

Soil: Llicorella

Answer 37

Priorat (reddish-black slate with small particles of mica quartz)

Question 38

Soil: Tufa to Tuffeau

Answer 38

Loire (a local chalky limestone)

Question 39

Soil: Tuff

Answer 39

Campania (a soft rock formed of compacted volcanic ash; high silt content in sandy soils)

Question 40

Soil: Blue slate/Red slate

Answer 40

Mosel

Question 41

Soil: Albariza

Answer 41

Spain (Alba means white, and primarily composed of calcium carbonate, clay, and marine fossils)

Question 42

Soil: Barros

Answer 42

Spain (a rich, dark brown soil, 10 per cent chalk with a higher clay content)

Question 43

Soil: Arenas

Answer 43

Spain (Arenas are a slightly yellowish / reddish soil, with 10-20 per cent chalk but with a high sand content)

Question 44

Soil: Micraster/Belemnite

Answer 44

Champagne (贝壳类、乌贼化石）

Question 45

Soil: Goldbridge

Answer 45

Sonoma

Question 46

Soil: willakenzie

Answer 46

Oregon Willematte Valley