0
Q
PNS- peripheral nervous system
A
Nerves on the peripheral parts of the body
1
Q
CNS - central nervous system
A
Nerves in the brain & spinal cord
2
Q
ANS - autonomic
A
- controls nerves you don think about
- heart rate
- contractions of stomach & intestines
- secretion if chemical compounds by glands
3
Q
Neuron
A
- Nerve cell
- no mitosis
- conduct impulses
4
Q
Glia cells
A
- act as “glue”
- Support cells
- mitosis
- holds functioning neurons together & protects them
5
Q
Schwann cells
A
- found in PNS
- wrapped around ONE axon
- form of glia cell
- form myelin sheaths
6
Q
SNS - somatic
A
•Controls nerves you think about
Aka voluntary
7
Q
Astrocyte
A
- large glia cells that look like stars
* branches attach to neurons and small blood vessels holding them together
8
Q
Blood brain barrier (BBB)
A
- It’s the 2 layer structure in astrocytes
* separates the blood tissue and nervous tissue to protect brain tissue from chemicals in blood
9
Q
Microglia
A
- in degenerating brain tissue, they enlarge & move about
- act as microbe eating scavengers
- digest microbes into cytoplasm
- clean up cell damage
10
Q
Oligrodendrocytes
A
- Found in CNS
- hold nerve fibers together
- produce myelin sheath that surround nerve fiber
- wrap around several axons
11
Q
Sensory/ afferent neurons
A
• transmits impulses to CNS
12
Q
Motor/efferent neurons
A
•Transmits Impulses to PNS
13
Q
Interneuron
A
•conduct impulses from sensory to motor neurons
14
Q
Myelin
A
•white fatty substance formed by Schwann cells that wrap around some axons outside of CNS
15
Q
Nodes of ranvier
A
•Spaces between Schwann cells
16
Q
Glioma
A
•Brain tumor developed from glia cells
17
Q
Cell body
A
•Main part of a neuron in which dendrites and axons extend
18
Q
Axon
A
•transmit impulses from cell body away
19
Q
Dendrites
A
•processes impulses to cell body
20
Q
Neurilemma
A
- outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell
- plays essential part in regenerating of injured axons
- CNS has no neurilemmas
21
Q
Tracts
A
•bundles of axons in CNS
22
Q
White matter
A
Nerves covered w white myelin
23
Q
Grey matter
A
Tissue made up of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites
24
Endoneurium
• thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue over axon
25
Fascicles
Groups of endometrium aka wrapped axons
26
Perineurium
Layer on top of fascicles aka group of endometrium
27
Epineurium
Tough fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve
28
Action potential
•route made up of neurons that conduct impulses
29
Reflex arc
* allow impulse conduction in only one direction
| * a 2 neuron arc consists of sensory and motor neurons
30
Receptors
•beginning of dendrites of sensory neurons
31
Ganglion
A groups of nerve cell bodies located in PNS
32
Synapse
Space separating axon ending from one neuron to another neurons dendrites
33
Effector
* Organ that puts nerve signals "into effect"
| * effectors are muscles or glands
34
Reflex
* the response to impulse conduction over a reflex arc
| * "knee jerk" response
35
Withdrawl reflex
•a 3 neuron arc reaction
- include sensory, motor, and interneurons
• a reflex that causes muscles to pull away
36
Polarization
A positive charge on outside & negative on inside
37
Depolarization
Inside is positive & outside is negative
38
Saltatory conduction
Impulse that jumps around the gaps in the myelin sheath on axons
39
Presynaptic conduction
Where the impulse is first transmitted
40
Postsynaptic
Where the impulse it transmitted to
| • aka the second neuron the impulse is transmitted to
41
Synaptic knob
•a tiny bulge at the end of a branch on the axon of a presynaptic neuron
42
Synaptic cleft
Space between synaptic knob & the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron
43
Neurotransmitter
Chemicals by which neurons communicate
44
Acetylcholine
Released at some of the synapses in the spinal cord and neuromuscular junctions
45
Norepinephrine
* Hormone secreted by adrenal medulla
| * release my sympathetic nervous system (SMS)
46
Dopamine
Chemical neurotransmitter
47
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter
48
Catechism ones
* A group in which the compounds ; norepinephrine, dopamine, & serotonin belong to
* plays role in sleep, motor function, mood, and pleasure recognition
49
Endorphins
* influence pain & perception
* a natural pain killer
* in CNS
50
Enkephalins
Natural painkiller in CNS
51
Nitric oxide
Diffuses directly across the plasma membrane of neurons
52
Brainstem
Consists of the
•medulla oblongata
•pons
•midbrain
53
Medulla oblongata
Consists of grey and white matter
54
Reticular formation
Bits of grey and white matter mixed closely
| In the medulla
55
Pons
Consists of white matter and scattered bits of grey
| In the brain stem
56
Midbrain
Located above pons
57
Cerebellum
* Second largest part of human brain
* arbor vitae
* plays part in movement
58
Arbor vitae
* inside cerebellum
| * "living tree"
59
Diencephalon
* located between midbrain & cerebrum
| * consists of hypothalamus and thalamus
60
Hypothalamus
* located below thalamus
| * controls all internal organs
61
Antidiuretic hormone
Affects the volume of urine excreted
62
Thalamus
* above hypothalamus
* it produces and controls sensations
* plays a part in the arousal mechanism
63
Pineal body
* resembles a small pine nut
| * receives sensory info
64
Cerebrum
•largest and uppermost part of the brain
65
Gyri
Ridges in the cerebrum
| Higher point
66
Sulci
Deepest part of the ridged in cerebrum
67
Corpus callosum
Connects two fissures in the brain (left and right halves )
68
Cerebral cortex
Surface of cerebrum
69
Basal nuclei
Produces automatic movements and postures
70
Cerebral vascular accident
An injury that causes a hemorrhage of blood flow through the cerebral blood vessels.
Victim can't move the opposite side of body
71
Spinal tract
Bundles of myelinated nerve fibers
72
Anesthesia
Loss of sensation
73
Paralysis
Loss of ability to make voluntary movements
74
Meninges
Tough fluid containing membrane covering brain and spinal cord
75
Dura mater
Tough outermost layer in spin cord
76
Pia mater
Covers innermost membrane I'm spinal cord
77
Cerebrospinal fluid
Fluid between the meninges (pia & arachnoid)
78
Ventricles
Irregular shapes of the brain
79
Choroid plexus
Brain capillary where cerebral spinal fluid is filtered
80
Hydrocephalus
Condition in which the cerebrospinal fluid goes on the brain
81
Spinal nerves
Connect to brain and spinal nerves
82
Plexus
When never fibers from several spinal nerves are reorganized to form a single peripheral nerve
Aka "braided" branching
83
Dermatomes
Skin surface that is supplied by a single spinal nerve
84
Sympathetic nervous system
* ANS
* produce changes in our bodies when we have strong emotions
* fight or flight response
* located in thoraculumbar system
* makes a heart beat faster
* several organs effected
85
Autonomic neurons
Motor neurons that make up ANS
86
Ganglia
"Junction boxes" that are terminated by axons
87
Preganglion neuron
Conduct impulses between spinal cord and ganglion
88
Autonomic/visceral effectors
Tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses
| •ex. Cardiac and smooth muscle etc.
89
Sympathetic ganglion neurons
Synapses w postganglionic neurons
90
Sympathetic post ganglionic neurons
Travel in spinal nerves to blood vessels sweat glands and arrector pili hair muscles all over body
91
Fight or flight response
Sympathetic control
92
Parasympathetic nervous system
* located in cranial sacral system
* stimulation frequently involves response by only one organ
* calms a person down
* one organ effected
93
Cholinergic fibers
Axons that release acetylcholine
94
Adrenergic fibers
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Anatomy-nervous System
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