Vocabulary Development & Word-Finding Difficulty

Question 1

Vocabulary 1

Answer 1

• Enticing vocabulary- pragmatic, discourse skill
• Receptive language assessments usually go from concrete to abstract nouns
• An assessment is a snapshot of a particular skill or time- so the score is not always accurate and the score is a very limited view

Question 2

Vocabulary 2

Answer 2

• “Vocabulary is addressed in the Common Core Standards in every subject, at every grade level, in every state. It never ceases to be a critical component of language comprehension and use, in speaking and writing.” Judy Montgomery: Author of Montgomery Assessment of Vocabulary Acquisition
• 48 of 50 states have adopted common core standards vocab

Question 3

Vocabulary Acquisition:

Answer 3

• At 18 months, have about 110 words expressive vocabulary (at least 50)
• Enter school with about 5,000 words in receptive/expressive vocabulary
• Up to school-age, vocabulary obtained via experiences, contexts, direct teaching (concrete nouns) a lot of direct teaching when little
• May learn some abstract nouns (letters)
• Learn 2000+ (sources vary, most say 3000) of words per school year
• Montgomery (2012) says only 400 are directly taught by teachers
• LI kids need direct instruction, even typical kids need direct instruction

Question 4

Whole language approach

Answer 4

-Whole language approach- connections should be made across the curriculum. If you are doing plants in science, have plant spelling words and read a book about plants, in math you would have word problems about plants.

Question 5

Fast Mapping Reviewed

Answer 5

• Mapping info seems to relate to initial vocabulary acquisition in context
• Generally map a word in 3-5 exposures
• But Montgomery says need 25 repetitions to retain a word for TYPICAL learners!
• Mapping is just the FIRST step in the process (initial exposure, how you learn a word)

Question 6

Word-Concept-Thing

Answer 6

• Labeling (mapping?)
• Packaging (concept development continues)

—–Horizontal development (more & more of the concept, approach adult definition)

—–Vertical development (multi-level understanding, such as multiple meanings, abstract vs. literal)-polyesomous words

• Building the semantic network
• The initial part of vocabulary word-concept-thing problem. A baby sees a dog, the baby will hear dog, the name of the dog, or other words associated with the dog (thing). Concept- dog must apply to all dogs, not just the family’s dog.
• Labeling- attaching the word to a thing

Question 7

Storage vs. Retrieval

Answer 7

• Words are encoded (stored)-engram
• Phonological/phonemic
• Conceptual
• Syntactic info- we know how we should use it
• Encoded form is retrieved
• Word-finding then is a combination of storage strength & retrieval strength
• Activation level (“Hotness”) impacts retrieval
• How hot a word is- is how easy it is to retrieve, these are high frequency words and they are not hard to retrieve

Question 8

Storage vs. Retrieval

Answer 8

• Words are encoded (stored)-engram
• Phonological/phonemic
• Conceptual
• Syntactic info- we know how we should use it
• Encoded form is retrieved
• Word-finding then is a combination of storage strength & retrieval strength
• Activation level (“Hotness”) impacts retrieval
• How hot a word is- is how easy it is to retrieve, these are high frequency words and they are not hard to retrieve

Question 9

Use it or lose it

Answer 9

• Often easier to retrieve something just stored
• Usually (Always?) easier to retrieve something just retrieved
• Activation and interference (competition) are considered instrumental in this
• The more you retrieve it, the stronger the engram (encoding is) , and less is required to activate (retrieve) it
• Rehearsal helps!
• If there is response competition, it is harder to retrieve due to interference or competition

Question 10

Use it or lose it (Competition and Semantic network)

Answer 10

• Competition increases with similarity of concepts
• Have similar storage strength, activation levels are similar, so retrieval strength is weak
• Semantic network seems to be key as well
• Typically think of embedded circles or a web, with center having strongest strengths
• Center is a prototypical item or most used item

Question 11

Semantic Network

Answer 11

• Robin may be in the center of the circle, litte storage strength, easiest to retireve
• As you move further from the center of the circle it is harder to retrieve that information.
• Chicken could be the second circle and penguin could be the furthest circle. (move further out, less semantic relationship)

Question 12

Levels of vocabulary (tiers)

Answer 12

Tier 1- High frequency words, oral language (e.g. conversational)

Tier 2- Also high frequency, but more literate, or mature (lectures)

Tier 3-Technical, specialized words, low frequency

Tier 1 words are different for everyone

MAVA breaks words up into Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3

Question 13

Word finding

Answer 13

• W-f difficulty occurs when the word doesn’t come out
• No word (I need the …uhm, uh, [shrug]
• Wrong word (I need the lock-I mean key)
• Struggle (I need the k, k, KEY)
• Errors are typically phonemically or semantically close
• Rarely say dinosaur when you want to say key
• Sometimes recall function and then may gesture

-Tip of the tongue phenomenon- usually happens with low frequency occurring words
Can happen because conversation is quick

Question 14

Listening Vocab (Montgomery)

Answer 14

• the words you understand when you hear them spoken

- Largest corpus of words

Question 15

Speaking Vocab (Montgomery)

Answer 15

• the words you know well enough to speak yourself

- smallest corpus of words (5-7K)

Question 16

Reading Vocab (Montgomery)

Answer 16

• the words you read, some of which you do not speak often, or at all- may miss pronounce a word the first time you say it

Question 17

Writing Vocab (Montgomery)

Answer 17

the words you carefully select when you try to write what you know or think (have more time)

Question 18

Montgomery and vocabulary

Answer 18

• Vocabulary: a “bookend” of academic success (Montgomery, 2012)
• Improves reading comprehension!
• Word-finding difficulty is highly correlated to a reading disorder (.85)

-Decoding (sounding out words)
comprehension

• If they have this problem, reading out loud will be difficult
• Hard to know what causes the issue
• Reading can improve vocabulary
• World knowledge (increases over time) may be as important as word knowledge in vocabulary acquisition & use, and academic tasks

CLD kids do not have the same world knowledge

Question 19

Deictic terms

Answer 19

-Perspectives or relationships and how they shift. Over there, on top, below

Question 20

Assessment of Vocabulary

Answer 20

Standards:
-Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (had to be diversified) pointing- 2.6-90 y/o

-Receptive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test
4 pictures

-Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test

both test 2-70 y/o

Question 21

Newish Assessments of Vocab

Answer 21

• Comprehensive Receptive-Expressive Vocabulary Test: Tests more than basic nouns
• Montgomery Assessment of Vocabulary Acquisition

Question 22

Extended vocabulary tests

Answer 22

• The Word Test- replace with a word that is similar in meaning (world and word knowledge)
• Subtests of the CASL

Question 23

Criterion referenced tasks

Answer 23

• Criteria is what the standardized test covers
• Come up with material that typical learners know and make sure you have a reference that typical kids can do and the criteria is that the kids will have the same reference as the typical kids

Question 24

Assessment of word finding

Answer 24

1. Test of word finding- 4-12;11months
2. Boston Naming Test for kids
3. Confrontation naming (CELF)- 5-21
4. Divergent Naming Task
5. Convergent Naming Task

Question 25

Test of word finding

Answer 25

1st test- testing irregular verbs (getting beyond nouns) its confrontation naming, any stumble and the answer is wrong -Should question on standardized tests.

Question 26

Boston Naming Test for Kids

Answer 26

initially designed for individuals with aphasia

Question 27

Divergent Naming Task

Answer 27

(broad ranging—name as many animals as you can) not a good measure- use in therapy (need to use a standardized test)

Question 28

Convergent naming tasks

Answer 28

-confrontation naming, only one response is accepted) use in therapy (need to use a standardized test)

Question 29

How to teach vocabulary 1

Answer 29

Part 1- object description 1. What is it called? 2. What is the category? 3. What do you do with it? What does it do? 4. What does it look like? 5. What parts does it have? 6. What does it feel like? 7. Where can I find it? Train nouns- most of what kids need for academic success is nouns

Question 30

How to teach vocabulary 2

Answer 30

Part 2: Build a definition A (name) is an (category) that (what you use it for). It (looks like, has certain parts, feels like) and (where do you find it)

Question 31

Derivational Morphology

Answer 31

- Teaching prefixes & suffixes, root word analysis seems to be effective - Aker, Beall, Haryzsz, Palya, Lindsted & Towle-Harmon compared mapping vs. word analysis in culturally diverse, low income HS kids - Breaking down words helps with definitions - Mapping work demonstrated higher vocabulary gains

Question 32

Word finding therapy

Answer 32

- Text mentions category organization, cuing - Text mentions visual cues (after stroke or TBI) - Phonological information also very effective - Most research articles in last 15 years have found a combination of phonological work with semantic organization best - What kids know about words change over time - Phonological- erosion (complex) clap out syllables, what does it start with. Talk about semantic definition at the same time

Question 33

Word finding therapy

Answer 33

- Text mentions category organization, cuing - Text mentions visual cues (after stroke or TBI) - Phonological information also very effective - Most research articles in last 15 years have found a combination of phonological work with semantic organization best - What kids know about words change over time - Phonological- erosion (complex) clap out syllables, what does it start with. Talk about semantic definition at the same time