Vogel 2

Question 1

Pharyngeal apparatus consists of…

Answer 1

1. Pharyngeal arches
2. Pharyngeal pouches
3. Pharyngeal grooves
4. Pharyngeal (closing) membranes

Question 2

Pharyngeal arches begin to

develop and become apparent during the ____ week.

Answer 2

fourth

Question 3

Pharyngeal arch contains…

Answer 3

• a cartilaginous rod (neural crest)
• an artery (mesoderm)
• a muscular component (mesoderm)
• a motor nerve (neuroectoderm)
• a sensory ganglion/nerve (neural crest)

Question 4

outpocketing of foregut endoderm

Answer 4

Pharyngeal pouch

Question 5

indentation of surface ectoderm

Answer 5

Pharyngeal groove

Question 6

endoderm meets ectoderm, with a thin layer of mesoderm in-between

Answer 6

Pharyngeal membrane

Question 7

maxillary prominence + mandibular prominence

Answer 7

First pharyngeal arch

Question 8

maxillary prominence forms…

Answer 8

maxilla, zygomatic bone, part of vomer

Question 9

mandibular prominence forms…

Answer 9

mandible, squamous part of temporal bone

Question 10

Stomodeum is separated from primordial pharynx by the _______, which begins to rupture (disintegrate) at 26 days.

Answer 10

oropharyngeal membrane

Question 11

The core of each pharyngeal arch consists of mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue) from two sources:

Answer 11

• neural crest

* mesoderm

Question 12

Each arch has a motor nerve (from neuroectoderm, to supply the muscles) and a sensory nerve/ganglion (from neural crest):
• arch 1 : \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• arch 2: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• arch 3: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• arch 4: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 12

1. trigeminal nerve CN V/trigeminal ganglion
2. facial nerve CN VII/geniculate ganglion
3. glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX/petrosal ganglion
4. vagus nerve CN X/nodose ganglion

Question 13

The mesoderm of each arch differentiates into the muscles of the head and neck:
• arch 1: \_\_\_\_\_\_
• arch 2: \_\_\_\_\_\_
• arch 3: \_\_\_\_\_\_
• arch 4: \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 13

1. muscles of mastication, MATT muscles
2. muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, others
3. stylopharyngeus muscle
4. constrictor and longitudinal muscles of pharynx (except stylopharyngeus),
   intrinsic muscles of larynx, muscles of palate (except tensor veli palatini)

Question 14

The paired pharyngeal pouches are outpocketings of foregut endoderm at the widened cranial end (primordial pharynx).
• pouch 1: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• pouch 2: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• pouch 3: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• pouch 4: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 14

1. pharyngotympanic tube + tympanic cavity
2. tonsillar sinus for palatine tonsil
3. inferior parathyroid gland + thymus
4. superior parathyroid gland + ultimopharyngeal body

Question 15

First pharyngeal arch cartilage forms…

Answer 15

malleus and incus

Question 16

First pharyngeal groove forms the…

Answer 16

External acoustic meatus

Question 17

First pharyngeal membrane forms the…

Answer 17

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Question 18

Second arch cartilage forms…

Answer 18

stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu (horn) and upper body of hyoid bone

Question 19

Third arch cartilage forms…

Answer 19

greater cornu and body of hyoid bone

Question 20

Fourth arch cartilage forms…

Answer 20

laryngeal cartilages (thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, etc.)