Voluntary Motion Cortex Karius

Question 1

/what areas are involved in producing voluntary motion

Answer 1

• Primary motor cortex
• SUpplementary cortex
• Pre motor cortex

Question 2

How does the pre motor cortex help produce voluntary movement?

Answer 2

• Receives sensory info needed to move
• Dorsal area decides if it is appropriate to move
• Id’s intent of motion and decides what movment to produce

Question 3

/Suppplementary Motor Cortex role in movment?

Answer 3

• SUpplementary motor area (SMA): postural control
• Pre-supplementary area (Pre SMA): plans motor program required to make the action happen

Question 4

What does the SMA do?

Answer 4

• Organizes motor sequences
• Acquires motor skills
• Executive control to switch actions/strategies

Question 5

What is the role of the primary motor cortex, where is it located?

Answer 5

• Located in precentral gyrus
• It controls specific movements especially related to arms and hands to hte face
• Has the homonculus regions of body theat do fine motions such as hands have high representation
• Arranged in columns

Question 6

What layer receives sensory input for the primary motor cotex, and where does it go?

Answer 6

• Layer 4 gets the input from mm’s joints proprioceptors
• Layer 5 is the output for corticospinal (pyramidal) path

Question 7

Within the primary motor cortex there are two sets of neurons in each column. What are their actions?

Answer 7

• One to start the motion
• ONe to maintain motion as long as its needed

Question 8

In the primary motor cortex what is significant about neighborinbg columns? (what do they control)

Answer 8

• Control related motions not the neighboring muscles

Question 9

What are the two kinds of columns found in the primary motor cotex?

Answer 9

• On/off for agonist muscle
• Off/on for Antagonist muscle so it can stretch with the motion of the agonist

Question 10

How does the dorsal visual pathway relate to voluntary motion?

Answer 10

• It is critical for us to generate motor action based on visual input, it allows us to reach for and grasp objects

Ventral path is involved with identifying objects and naming things while the dorsal pathway is involved with “where is the object and what can I do with it”

Question 11

Where does information go from the visual cortex for voluntary motion?

Answer 11

• Relayed to parietal cortex specifically V6A
• The PEc the caudal area PE of the posterior parietal cortex
• The MIP medial intraparietal area
• VIP
  
  • VIP creates a rough map to the object
• From the VIP the info goes to F4 within the premotor cortex to create a detailed map of hte space around you and the neurons are very excited when in proximity
• There is also a seond pathway occuring to relaying where your arms are

Question 12

What areas are involved in voluntary grasping? What are the three types of neurons?

Answer 12

• Anteior intraparietal area and PFG, these ares fire in response to:
  
  • Seeing an object to grasp (Visually dominant)
  • Grasping the object (Motor dominant)
  • Seeing and grasping the object (Visuomotor neurons)

Question 13

Neurons in F5 fire with the ____ of the action not the ____.

Answer 13

• GOAL
• not the motor act itself

F5 would be activated with taking a sip of coffee but not with just grasping the coffee cup because the goal is to drink your coffee

Question 14

Compare and Contrast reaching and grasping.

Answer 14

• Reaching and Grasping both require the dorsal visual pathway
• Reaching requires V6a PEc MIP VIP
• Grasping requires AIP cortex and PFG
• Reaching requires creation of two maps and grasping does not
  
  • VIP makes rough map and F4 makes detailed
  • Map of body in space is F2
• Reaching do not need to be aware of the goal but Grasping needs awareness of the goal via F5
• Primary motor cortex encodes the motor acts

Question 15

What is the role of the cerebellum

Answer 15

• Sequence complex actions
• Correct force and direction of the motion
• balance and eye movements
• Learning complex actions

Question 16

What is the spinocerebellum

Answer 16

• Two regions:
  
  • Central postural control “includes the vermis”
  • Lateral to the vermis: force and direction of the motion

Question 17

Cerebrocerebellum

Answer 17

• Lateral regions
• Plan and sequence complex motions
• Work with other areas of the brain to achieve goal

Question 18

Vestibulocerebellum

Answer 18

• Balance and eye movements
• Future not current movements

Question 19

What are the outputs from the cerebellum

Answer 19

Deep cerebellar nuclei

• Dentate nucleus
• Fastigial nucleus
• Interposisits made of the globose and emboliformis

Question 20

Central region of the spinocerebellum does postural adjustments to ongoting motion, what inputs are needed? Where do the outputs go?

Answer 20

• Vestibular
• Visual and auditory
• Efferent copy what brain sends to the muscle (intended motion)

Output:

• Interpositus nucleus
• Fastigial nucleus
• To the rubrospinal tract which sends information to the spinal cord

Question 21

The lateral regions (otuside of vermis) of the spinocerebellum correct ongoing motions and control ballistic motion. What inputs are needed and where do outputs go?

Answer 21

Ballistic motion is motion that is so fast there is not itme to correct it

Inputs:

• Muscle afferent
• Efferent copy (what brain sends to the muscle) need to know what goal is

Outputs:

• To interpositis nucleus
• To rubrospinal tract to the spinal cord

Question 22

General functions of the spinocerebellum (vermis)

Answer 22

Postural controls!

• inputs are efferent copy, vestibular, hearing and auditory input
• Outpurs are interpositis and fastigial nucleus

Question 23

What are the general functios of the spinocerebellum (lateral)

Answer 23

Feedback control of on going motion and control ballisitic motion

• inputs are efferent copy and muscle afferent info
• output is inerpositius

Question 24

Cerebrocerebellum function inputs outputs?

Answer 24

• Sequencing of rapid movements and planning of complex motions
• inputs are cerebral cortex related to motion
• outputs are dentate nucleus

Question 25

Vestibulocerebellum function input and output

Answer 25

* future balance and eye movements * Inputs are vestibular * output are vestibular nuclei and others, they can ascend to cortex or descend to spinal cord