- HTML is the foundational language used to structure content on the web - It consists of a series os elements, uaually referred to as tags - The tag is the root element of the HTML page. Only tags written within this tag are displayed

- : contains metadata (information about the webpage) and is not dislayed itself - : contains the name of the webpage, displayed on the page tab. It is contained within the tag - : contains all of the contents of the webpage, such as text, images, hyperlinks. There can only be one tag - - : heading tags in decreasing importance. is the most important and hence displayed the biggest. is displayed the smallest - : used for a paragraph of the text. Each paragraph is seperated by a line

- : embed an image into the webpage. Contains all the other tags about the image - : specifies the source of the image - : provides alternative text to be displayed if the image cannot - and : specifies the dimensions of the image -

- : anchor tag. Used to create hyperlinks - href : attribute contained within the tag (). Contains the URL for where the hyperlink leads to - Visit the Save My Exams site for more information.

- : organised list. Displayes a numbered list - : unorganised list. Displays a bulletpointed list - used to define each value in a list html head title

- Webpages are discovered by engines through software programs called crawlers

Web technologies Flashcards by Yug Patel

What is HTML?

HTML is the foundational language used to structure content on the web
It consists of a series os elements, uaually referred to as “tags”
The <html> tag is the root element of the HTML page. Only tags written within this tag are displayed

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Text tags in HTML

<head> : contains metadata (information about the webpage) and is not dislayed itself
</head>
<title> : contains the name of the webpage, displayed on the page tab. It is contained within the <head> tag
</head></title>
<body> : contains all of the contents of the webpage, such as text, images, hyperlinks. There can only be one <body> tag
</body></body>
<h1> - <h6> : heading tags in decreasing importance. <h1> is the most important and hence displayed the biggest. <h6> is displayed the smallest
</h6></h1></h6></h1>
<p> : used for a paragraph of the text. Each paragraph is seperated by a line
</p>

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Image in HTML

<img></img> : embed an image into the webpage. Contains all the other tags about the image
<src> : specifies the source of the image
</src>
<alt> : provides alternative text to be displayed if the image cannot
</alt>
<height> and <width> : specifies the dimensions of the image
</width></height>
<img></img>

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Links in HTML

<a> : anchor tag. Used to create hyperlinks</a>
href : attribute contained within the <a> tag (<a href= … >). Contains the URL for where the hyperlink leads to</a>
<p>Visit the <a>Save My Exams site</a> for more information.</p>

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Lists in HTML

<ol> : organised list. Displayes a numbered list
</ol>
<ul> : unorganised list. Displays a bulletpointed list
</ul>
<li> used to define each value in a list
</li>

<ul>
<li>html</li>
<li>head</li>
<li>title</li>
</ul>

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How do search engines work?

Crawling: gathering the information from the webpages
Indexing: organising and structing the information from the webpages
Ranking: recommending / ranking the webpages

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What is crawling?

Webpages are discovered by engines through software programs called crawlers

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How do crawlers work?

Start with a seed set of URLs
Follow links from one webpage to another, systematicaly visiting all of the pages on the web
Follow rules and guidelines established by website owners
Once a crawler reaches a webpage, it fetches the HTML contents of the page
The crawler analyses the HTML structure and retrieces information
HTML that was retrieved is broken down into several components
This process involves identifying elements, tags and attributes that hold valuable information

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How does indexing work?

The data extracted from the webpage is indexed, which involves storing the collected information in a structured manner within the search engines database
The index allows for quick retrieval and ranking of relevant web pages in response to user queries

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How does ranking work?

When a user enters a query, the search engine searches through the index for matching pages and returns the results they believe are the highest quality and most relevant to the users query

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Benefits of search engine crawling and indexing

Improved search results
Efficient retrieval
Ranking and relevance
Freshness and updates

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What is PageRank algorithm?

It evaluates and ranks webpages based on their perceived relevance and importance
Pages that are considered more important are ranked higher in search results

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What are the key elements of the PageRank algorithm?

Link analysis
Link weight distribution
Iterative calculation
Damping factor

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What is link analysis in PageRank?

The algorithm analyses the structure of links between pages on the web
Webpages are given importance by the algorithm, which considers the quantity and quality of inbound links from other pages
Each link acts as a “vote” for the target page
Webpages with more “high-quality” links pointing towards them are deemed to be more important

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What is link weight distribution in PageRank?

The algorithm distributes the weight of a webpage by sharing a portion of its importance with each outgoing link
Therefore, pages of higher importance make a greater impact on the ranking of other pages

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How is iterative calculation used in PageRank?

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Uses a repetetive calculation process
At the beginning, all webpages are given the same value
In subsequent iterations, the importance of each page is re-evaluated
This process continues until the rankings are stable

What is the damping factor?

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A value between 0 and 1 (usually 0.85)
Represents the probability that a user will not follow a link on a page

What factors affect PageRank?

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Relevance
User engagement
Authority and trust
Content freshness
Mobile-friendliness

What is server side processing?

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Running code and carrying out operations on the server instead of the clients device of browser
Utilises server side programming languages such as PHP, python or java

Examples of server side processing with PHP

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Data retrieval and manipulation
Server operations
Form processing

Benefits of server side processing

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Improved security measures can be implemented
Uses the resources of the server to perform advanced calculations
Consistent behaviour across different devices and browsers
Easily be scaled by adding more servers

Drawbacks of server side processing

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When multiple requests are made to the server, overall performance can decrease. This is known as increased server load
May result in latency and increased response times
Relies on the availability and reliability of the server
Limited real-time interactivity and responses
May require more complex development

What is client side processing?

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Carrying out code or processing tasks on the user’s device, usually within the browser
Primarily done using javascript

Examples of client side processing with javascript

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Form validation: validate user input in real time, receive instant feedback
DOM manipulation
Dynamically updating content without requiring a full page refresh

Benefits of client side processing

- Enhanced user experience, interactive and dynamic usage - Server load is reduced - Feedback to user input can be provided in real time - Seamless and engaging browser experience - Offline functionality

Drawbacks of client side processing

- Potential security risk as information can be seen by users - Compatability of devices and browsers - Hurt page load time - Greatly dependent on javascript - intellectual property at risk

What is CSS?

- Defines the style or appearance of a webpage - Can be placed within the HTML or externally in a file

What is a class in CSS?

- A type of selector that is used to apply a specific style to one or more HTML elements - A class is denoted by a full stop - The class selector allows the same styles to be applied to multiple HTML elements across the webpage

What is an identifier in CSS?

- A type of selector that is used to apply a specific style to ony one HTML element - Unique within a webpage and can only be used once per page

What is JavaScript?

- A programming language that adds interactivity and dynamic functionality to webpages - Allows a webpage to manipulate HTML elements, perform calculations, handle user input and more

Web technologies Flashcards

(30 cards)