What are the 5 Ps of Labor?
-passageway
-passenger
-powers
-position
-psyche
What are the parts of the true pelvis?
-inlet (upper opening)
-mid pelvis (cavity)
-outlet (lower opening)
What is a key characteristic of the “passenger”?
-the fetus
-fontanels (membrane filled spaces where sutures intersect)
What is a key determinant of fetal attitude?
-diameter of head
What are the four fetal postures?
-flexion
-military
-extension
-hyperextension
What are the fetal lies?
-longitudinal (vertical)
-transverse (horizontal)
What are three main presentations of child?
-cephalic
-breech (butt/legs first)
-shoulder
How do we describe fetal position in relation to pelvis?
-R=right; L=left
-O=occiput; S=sacrum; M=mentum; Sc=scapula
-A=anterior; P=posterior; T=transverse
How do we determine fetal station?
-negative # is cm superior to ischial spines
-0 is at level with spines
-positive is inferior/below spines
-head is “engaged at zero
What are cardinal movements of labor?
changes in position of fetus during labor to allow smallest diameter to fit through pelvis
What are primary forces of labor?
involuntary uterine contractions
What are secondary forces of labor?
voluntary use of abdominal muscles during second stage
What is cervical effacement?
-thinning of cervix
-from 0-100%
What is the range for cervical dilation?
0-10 cm
What is the frequency of uterine contractions?
time from onset of one UC to onset of the next
What is the intensity of a uterine contraction?
strength of UC (mild, moderate, strong)
What are some premonitory (labor is near) signs of labor?
-lightening
-bloody show
-cervical ripening
-stronger braxton hicks
-energy burst
-spontaneous rupture of membranes (SROM)
What is true labor?
-contractions increase regularly, longer, stronger
-contractions do not stop with rest
What is the first stage of labor?
onset of labor to complete dilation
-latent= 0-6 cm
-active= 6-10 cm
What is the second stage of labor?
complete dilation to birth
What is the third stage of labor?
from birth to expulsion of placenta
What is the fourth stage of labor?
first few hours after birth
How do you perform Leopold’s maneuveur?
-assess part of fetus in upper fundus
-assess location of fetal back
-identify presenting part
-determine descent of presenting part
