Week 1

Question 1

Developed countries (as per text book)

Answer 1

United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, nearly all countries of Europe.

Question 2

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Answer 2

Social class (refers to parents when focus is on adolescents), which includes educational level, income level and occupational status.

Question 3

Freud’s psychosexual stages (and age periods)

Answer 3

Infancy - Oral
Toddlerhood - Anal
Early childhood - Phallic
Middle childhood - Latency
Adolescence - Genital

Question 4

8 Stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human development

Answer 4

1. Infancy - Trust vs Mistrust:
   Establish bond with a trusted caregiver
2. Toddlerhood - Autonomy vs shame and doubt:
   Develop healthy sense of self as distict from others
3. Early childhood - initiative vs guilt:
   Initiate activities in a purposeful way
4. Middle childhood - Industry vs inferiority:
   Begin to learn knowledge and skills of one’s culture
5. Adolescence - Identity vs role confusion:
   Develop a secure and coherent identity
6. Early adulthood - intimacy vs isolation
   Establish a committed long-term love relationship
7. Middle adulthood - Generativity vs stagnation
   Care for others and contribute to the wellbeing of the young
8. Late adulthood - Ego integrity vs despair
   Evaluate one’s lifetime and accept it as it is

Question 5

Psychosexual theory

Answer 5

Freud’s theory proposing that sexual desire is the driving force behind human development

Question 6

What age did Freud believe the personality was complete

Answer 6

Age 6

Question 7

Did Freud study children?

Answer 7

No. His view of childhood was based on the retrospective accounts of patients who came to him for psychoanalysis, mainly upper-class women in Vienna

Question 8

The driving force in psychosocial theory

Answer 8

not sexuality but the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment.

Question 9

First of Erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 9

1. Infancy - Trust vs Mistrust:
   Establish bond with a trusted caregiver

Question 10

Second of Erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 10

2. Toddlerhood - Autonomy vs shame and doubt:
   Develop healthy sense of self as distict from others

Question 11

Third of Erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 11

3. Early childhood - initiative vs guilt:
   Initiate activities in a purposeful way

Question 12

Fourth of Erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 12

4. Middle childhood - Industry vs inferiority:
   Begin to learn knowledge and skills of one’s culture

Question 13

Fifth of Erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 13

5. Adolescence - Identity vs role confusion:
   Develop a secure and coherent identity

Question 14

Sixth of Erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 14

6. Early adulthood - intimacy vs isolation
   Establish a committed long-term love relationship

Question 15

Seventh of Erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 15

7. Middle adulthood - Generativity vs stagnation
   Care for others and contribute to the wellbeing of the young

Question 16

Eighth of Erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 16

8. Late adulthood - Ego integrity vs despair
   Evaluate one’s lifetime and accept it as it is

Question 17

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory

Answer 17

Microsystem - context (e.g. relationships - two way impact)
Mesosystem - interconnections between contexts (e.g. child abused by parents may have poor interactions with teachers)
Exosystem - social institutions that impact development (e.g. schools, media, religious institutions)
Macrosystem - broad system of cultural beliefs and values, and the economic and governmental systems that are built on those beliefs and values (e.g. Saudi Arabia, Islam, legal systems built on that)

Question 18

Cultural development approach

Answer 18

According to this approach, it is crucial to recognise that throughout the life span, people live within cultural communities where they continuously interact and negotiate with others who convey cultural beliefs, skills and knowledge.

In their development, people learn and respond to the ways of their culture and become participants in shaping the culture’s future

Question 19

In this book, the stages of human development will be divided as follows:

Answer 19

prenatal development, from conception until birth
infancy, birth to age 12 months
toddlerhood, the 2nd and 3rd years of life, ages 12–36 months
early childhood, ages 3–6
middle childhood, ages 6–9
adolescence
emerging adulthood
young adulthood
middle adulthood
late adulthood.

Question 20

Five steps in standard scientific method

Answer 20

1. Identify a question of scientific research
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Choose a research method and a research design
4. Collect data to test the hypothesis
5. Draw conclusions and form new questions and hypotheses

Question 21

most institutions that sponsor research, such as universities and research institutes, require proposals for research to be approved by a…

Answer 21

Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC).

Question 22

Vallidity

Answer 22

A method is valid if it measures what it claims to measure

Question 23

Reliability

Answer 23

refers to the consistency of measurements