Biochemistry > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What are the four types of macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides → Disaccharides → Monosaccharides
  2. Lipids: Triglycerides → Fatty asides + Glycerol
  3. Proteins: Peptides → Amino acids
  4. Nucleic Acids: RNA and DNA → Nucleotides
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2
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic: lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic: Contains membrane-bound nucleus and organelles providing protection from chemical environment

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3
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • Separates the cell from its surrounding defining the boundaries
  • Selective permeability for nutrients and waste
  • Compartmentalizes enzymes and energy-producing/consuming reactions
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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Site of glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, protein synthesis

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5
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The command center of the cell

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6
Q

What are the components of the nucleus?

A
  1. Nucleolus
  2. Nuclear membrane
  3. Nuclear pores
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7
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Contains rRNA that transcribes and assembles ribosomal subunits for ribosomal production

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8
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

Also known as the envelope, is a double membrane separated by a perinuclear space

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9
Q

What is the structures that provide DNA anchoring?

A

Lumina

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10
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Allows controlled passage of materials

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11
Q

What is protein synthesis and what are its components?

A

Replication: DNA in nucleus

Transcription: DNA to RNA

Translation: RNA to proteins

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12
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Exists in cytosol and RER

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13
Q

What does ‘S’ mean?

A

Segmentation for the separation by size

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14
Q

What are the Smooth ER’s functions?

A
  1. Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroids
  2. Carbohydrate and steroid metabolism
  3. Glycogen breakdown
  4. Detox
  5. Calcium reuptake for muscles
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15
Q

What is the RER for?

A

Modifies proteins and provides quality control

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16
Q

What is the Golgi Complex?

A

Sorts and sends proteins to correct destination through secretory vesicles

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17
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell, specialized for Krebs cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and ATP production

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18
Q

What is the process of chemiosmotic coupling?

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A
  1. Uses high energy electrons from oxidation to pump protons generating a gradient
  2. Protons flow down gradient to power ATP synthase generating ATP
19
Q

What are lysosomes?

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A

Degradation of macromolecules by hydrolysis caused by acidic hydrolase and proteases

20
Q

How do you activate lysosomes?

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A

pH must be acidic

21
Q

What are the steps for lysosomal digestion?

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A
  1. Endocytosed material mixes with lysosomal enzymes
  2. Proton pumps acidify lysosome
  3. Macromolecules are digested
  4. Small molecules diffuse into cytosol
22
Q

What are peroxisomes?

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A

Contains a crystalline core of high concentrations of oxidative enzymes

Breaks down fatty acids and oxidizes ethanol

23
Q

What are the three major protein filaments that make the cytoskeleton?

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A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microfilaments
24
Q

What are microtubules?

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A

Comprised of tubular making up mitotic spindles

25
What are intermediate filaments?
Comprised of heterogeneous polypeptides providing strong cell structure
26
What are microfilaments?
Comprised of actin providing rigidity
27
Describe the movement of proteins through the RER and Golgi
Nucleus → Ribosome → RER → Cis golgi → median golgi → trans golgi → vesicle → lysosome
28
Why is water considered the solvent of life?
Water has the ability to dissolve ionic compounds by overcoming the electrostatic attraction between ions through solvation
29
More hydrophobic correlates with what?
The number of binding sites for water
30
What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Hydrophilic is polar and soluble to water, while hydrophobic is non-polar sparingly dissolving in water
31
What is an amphipathic compound?
Compounds such as phospholipids contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups interacting with water through hydrophobic interactions
32
What is hydrophobic interactions?
The interactions of nonpolar or nonsoluable molecules in an aqueous solution
33
What is a common example of the hydrophobic effect?
Micelles are comprised of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
34
What is the purpose of hydrophobic interaction?
1. Protein folding 2. Protein-protein association 3. Formation of lipid micelles and bilayers 4. Binding to steroid hormones 5. Substrate-enzyme interactions
35
What is importance of non-covalent drugs?
- Drug is enough to help the body, but not enough to cause toxicity - Anti-fugal and chemotherapy are drugs of toxicity because they aren’t human cells (covalent) - Does not share pair of electrons making them weaker, less entropy
36
What are van de Waals interactions?
- They are the weakest interactions between atoms - London dispersion is attractive - Steric is repulsive
37
What does it mean to be polarized?
The pull of electrons from one way to another
38
What are ionic interactions?
Weak interactions between opposite charged ions
39
What is the importance of hydrogen bonding?
Stabilizing the overall structure of nucleic acids and proteins
40
What are the rankings for intermolecular bonding?
Covalent > ionic > hydrogen > van der Walls > dipole-dipole
41
What is difference between acids and bases?
Acids donates protons while bases accepts protons
42
When would the weak acid predominate?
When the pKa is greater than the pH and the substance is protonated
43
When does the conjugate base predominates?
When the pH is greater than the pKa when the proton is released and substance is deprotonated
44
Differenciate monoprotic and polyprotic
- mono release on proton having one Ka and pKa - di has 2 - poly has multiple
Biochemistry
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