week 1

Question 1

acellular

Answer 1

viroids
viruses (protein coating)
prions

(need something else to replicate)

Question 2

cellular

Answer 2

1. prokaryotes
   a. archaea
   b. bacteria
2. eukaryotes
   a. algae
   b. protozoa
   c. fungi

Question 3

what is a cell?

Answer 3

• all cells have a cytoplasmic membrane, genome made of DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm
• metabolism
• growth
• evolution

Question 4

cell shapes

Answer 4

coccus, rods, spirillium, spirochete, budding, filamentous

Question 5

uniceullar vs. multicellular

Answer 5

performs all of life functions for itself

multicellular = cells that depend on others for survival

Question 6

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 6

mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as endosymbiots

evidence:
own DNA/ribosomes that is similar to bacteria
replicate independently of other cellular processes

Question 7

RNA world theory

Answer 7

1. self replicating RNA + liposomes = prehistoric cells
2. these develop into DNA containing bacteria
   3, archeoeukarya arise
3. some develop endosymbiotic relationship with mitochondria = seperation of archaea and eukarya

Question 8

Louis pastuer

Answer 8

disproved spontaneous generation with his flasks that let air in but trapped microorganisms so they couldnt get to sterile liquid - nothing grew

Question 9

Koch postulates

Answer 9

established a causal link between the organism and the disease

• The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease but should not be found in healthy organisms.
• The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
• The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
• the suspected pathogen must be re isolated and shown to be the same as the original

Question 10

how do we get phylogenies ?

Answer 10

16S rRNA DNA sequence

Question 11

limit for resolution of light microscopes?

Answer 11

0.2 um

Question 12

bright field microscopy

Answer 12

move in and out of fields of view with fluid dynamics
- can use stains to increase contrast

Question 13

phase contrast microscopy

Answer 13

cells are alive
can view motility

Question 14

fluorescence microscopy

Answer 14

certain molecules get excited when they absorb photons
- move to a higher energy state
- when they relax they emit a photon
- photon is a fluorescence

Question 15

confocal fluorescence microscopy

Answer 15

gives 3D fluorescence

Question 16

electron microscopy

Answer 16

uses electrons instead of light
shorter wavelengths than photons
- higher resolution
larger than photons
- cannot penetrate larger objects
(proteins = good)