What is the definition of consciousness according to Philippe?
One’s awareness of the self within their surroundings as experienced by images, thoughts, memories, emotions, and other forms of subjectively unique phenomena.
What is materialism in the context of consciousness?
Consciousness is fundamentally a physical phenomenon, based in physical processes occurring in the brain.
What does epiphenomenalism state about consciousness?
Physical events give rise to mental states, which have no influence on the former.
Define panpsychism.
All physical matter has consciousness.
Who championed materialism and what theory did he propose?
Daniel Dennett; Multiple Drafts Theory.
What is dualism in the context of consciousness?
Two kinds of stuff exist: physical and spiritual (non-physical) matter.
What is René Descartes’ famous phrase related to consciousness?
I think, therefore I am.
What is the ‘ghost in the machine’ concept?
Refers to the idea that the body is a machine and each body has a soul inside.
What does psychophysics aim to characterize?
Sensory experiences with levels of stimulus strength.
Who was a major figure in the field of introspection?
Wilhelm Wundt.
What did William James write in 1890 that is significant to psychology?
Principles of Psychology.
What is the focus of behaviourism?
Rejected consciousness and examined only measurable behaviour.
What is cognitivism’s approach to psychology?
An information-processing approach that accepts concepts like the mind and consciousness.
What is the ‘great divide’ in consciousness studies?
How can the mind and brain be bridged?
What is mysterianism?
Consciousness arises from neural processes but can never be fully explained by science.
What is reductionism in the context of consciousness?
The notion that complex phenomena can be explained in terms of simpler parts.
What is the Philosopher’s Zombie thought experiment?
It questions whether an artificial system can have consciousness if it behaves identically to a human.
What does David Chalmers believe about consciousness and behavior?
Consciousness is not essential to our behavior.
What is Mary the Colour Scientist thought experiment about?
Evaluates whether consciousness goes beyond neural processing when experiencing color.
If Mary experiences something new when seeing color, what does that imply?
Subjective experience is additional to knowledge of the physical world.
What is the easy problem of consciousness according to David Chalmers?
Processes that can be examined empirically and explained by computational and neural mechanisms.
What is the hard problem of consciousness?
Processes that cannot be examined or explained by empirical means.
What are qualia?
A quality or property perceived subjectively, difficult to describe.
What is the significance of color perception in consciousness studies?
Color exists only in the eye and brain of the beholder.
