Nutritional physiology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what happens with in post prandial phase

A

digestion
storage
utilisation

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2
Q

why are enzymes effective

A

they lower activation energy

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3
Q

post prandial phase

A

Input>needs (storage, interconversion, oxidation)

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4
Q

Where is glucose stored?

A

Muscle: glycogen
Brain
Fat tissue: triaglycerol
Liver: glycogen

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5
Q

Where does protein get stored?

A

in muscle and liver (transported as amino acids)

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6
Q

Where does fat get stored?

A

Fat tissue, transported as triaglycerol in chylomicrons

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7
Q

How much of metabolised energy accounts for heat production

A

5-20%

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8
Q

Order macronutrients based on most to least heat production during digestion

A

protein>carbs>fats

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9
Q

post absorptive phase

A

input<need (turnover, interconversion, oxidation)

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10
Q

Functions of the liver in Post absorptive phase

A

AA from mucle –> glucose
glycogen –> glucose
glycerol from TG in fat tissue –> glucose
Fatty acids –> ketone bodies (go to muscle)

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11
Q

funtion of kidneys in post absorptive phase

A

amino acids from mucle —> glucose

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12
Q

what does muscle do in post absoptive phase

A

deliver aminoacids from proteins to kidneys and liver
use fatty acids
use ketone bodies

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13
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

Ability of an organism to counteract
(within limits of the metabolic scope)
factors that disturb vital functions

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14
Q

what is the relation between intake and energy expenditure

A

When EE is very low, easy to have a too high E intake
When EE is very high, hard to have enough E intake

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15
Q

Name the organs where food passes through in digestive system

A

Mouth → Oesophagus → Stomach →Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum →
Anus.

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16
Q

What hormones/compounds are released by duodenum?

A

CCK, secretin, GIP, HCO3-

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17
Q

What hormones/compounds are released by ileum?

A

PYY, HCO3-

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18
Q

name the accessory digestive organs

A

teeth, tongue, slaivary glands,exocrine pancreas, liver, gall bladder

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19
Q

name 2 cell types at lumes of villi in intestines

A

absorptive enterocytes
goblet cells (mucus secretion)

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20
Q

name the 4 layes of GI tract

A

mucosa (secretion and absorption)
submucosa (vascular layer)
muscularis (segmental contractions)
serosa (protective layer)

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21
Q

where is muscle layer the thickest

A

in the stomach (to break down food)

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22
Q

gut retention time

A

time between nutrients in lumen and nutrients in blood (incl. processes in epithelial cells)

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23
Q

funtion brush border

A

microvilli create a larger absoptive area 600* flat area

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24
Q

endocrine communication mechanism

A

hormones from sensor cells into cirvulation –> target cells – > actions

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25
neurocrine communication mechanism
signal via sensory and inter neuron to secretomotorneuron. Signal via neurotransmitters to target cells
26
paracrine communication mechanism
paracine mediator sends signal to target cells that are very close
27
segmentation
circular muscles in intestine (f. ex.) contract --> segments in intestine --> breaking of chyme and mixing with juices
28
peristalsis
movement of contraction and relaxation causing bolus to travel trough intestine. Neural activation involved
29
simple diffusion
water, small lipids
30
facilitated diffusion
water soluble vitamins carrier in cell membrane
31
active transport
glucose, amino acids agains conc. gradient needs energy
32
Migrating myoelectric complex
clearing of GI tract I: 40 rest II: 40 min start peristalsis III: 10 min max peristalis Prevention of bacterial stasis Final cleaning non-digestible parts
33
transit time stomach
1-5 hours
34
transit time small intestine
1.5 hours
35
transit time large intestine
1-2 days
36
what is part of motor behavour in cephalic phase?
stomach gets bigger contraction gall bladder relaxation sphincter of oddi
37
secretory behavior cephalic phase
HCL, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, gastrin, enzymes
38
transmission pathway cepahlic phase
HIGHER BRAIN CENTERS (cortex, hypothalamus, limbic) --> DORSAL VAGAL COMPLEX (DVC) --> INCREASE PARASYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW (via vagus nerve)
39
vagal efferent nerves + gastric secretion
Ach release + gastrin --> pepsinogen Ach release + gastrin --> HCL Ach reaches Gastrin releasing peptide --> gastrin in circulation (postive feedback)
40
short term signals cephalic phase (to brain)
appearance, aroma, mood, activity
41
long term signals cephalic phase (to brain)
growth, pregnancy, society, lactation habit
42
salivary glands making saliva
parotid gland (20%) submandibular gland (65%) sublingual glad (7%)
43
functions saliva
pH maintenance (elektrolytes bicarbonate&phospate, nitrogen products) antibacterial function lubrification starch and fat digestion
44
how is salivary amylase kept working in stomach pH
starch creates protective bubble around amylase around half of amylase is protected when pH goed back up again
45
esophageal phase, neurotransmitters involved transport
Ach induces contraction esophagus Nitric oxide and Vasoactive intestinal peptide induce relaxation this combination brings food down esopahgus
46
after swallowing (relaxation of what?)
relaxation lower esophageal sphincter relaxation stomach contraction sphincter again
47
function LES and cardia (stomach)
secretion: Mucus, HCL motility: prevention reflux, entry food, regulation belching
48
function fundus and body stomach
secretion: H+, intrinsic factor, Mucus, HCO3-, pepsinogens, lipase motility: reservoir, tonic force during emptying
49
function antrum and pylorus (stomach)
Secretion: Mucus, HCO3- Motility: mixing, grinding, sieving, regularion of emptying
50
distension of stomach, what happens?
distention of stomach triggers responses from vago-vagal reflexes --> amlifies reactions
51
intraluminal pressure proximal stomach (normal and vagotomy)
normal: when food in stomach --> intraluminal pressure increases (because of contraction) vagotomy: pressure increases at smaller volumes already (communication to brain in inhibited so stomach doesnt enlarge)
52
protein digestion in stomach
10% of protein digested peptin cuts proteins into oligopetides oligopeptides stimulate gastin release (--> HCL and pepsinogen)
53
describe pH in stomach
mucus layes and HCO3- at epithelial cells --> more basic environment closer to cells getting pH to 2 takes time optimal pH for pepsin (activated pepsinogen (by H+)) = 2
54
breakdown protein in stomach
denaturation of secondary and tertiary structure by stomach acid digestion of protein (breakdown primary stucture) by pespin
55
endopeptidase
cuts at non-terminal amino acid bonds pepsin (specific for leucine and methionine)
56
how does vit. B12 get digested and absorbed?
- haptocorrin (R protein) binds to B12 (big sugar group attached) - protease can destroy R protein - instrinsic factor can bind to B12 in stomach - in ileal mucosal cell, IF is released and transcobalamin is attached for protection in circulation
57
mucous neck cell
lubrification/protection
58
parietal cells
protein digestion, binding of cobalamin(B12)
59
enterochromaffin like cells
regulation acid secretion
60
D cells & G cells
regulation acid secretion
60
chief cells
protein and lipid digestion
61
function Ach in gastric cells
stimulate multiple cell responses (release of pepsinogen, HCL, histamine, gastrin etc.)
62
stimulation parietal cell (release HCL)
by G cell --> Gastrin --> stimulates ECL cell and parietal cell) ECL --> histamine --> parietal cell neuron --> Ach --> patietal cell
63
lowering gastrin secretion
acid in antrum --> D cell makes somatostatin --> inhibits G cells to make gastrin (less gastrin)
64
triglyceride breakdown in stomach (signal)
free fatty acids --> go to duodenum --> CCK release --> gall bladder contraction, relaxation sphincter of Oddi, pancreatic enzyme secretion
65
pyloric sphincter function
small particles pass through hyperosmotic 8.5 kJ per min
66
Migratory motor complex
every 90-230 min during interdigestive phase transportation (by peristaltic waves) indigestible substances into intestine
67
what affects gastric emptying rate
size, digestibility, calories and nutrient content of meal (liquid meal, = faster) (hypertonic is slowest, hypotonic is slow, isotonic fastest) non digestibles only pass with MMC
68
parts of duodenal cluster unit
Duodenum Stomach Biliary system Exocrine pancreas
69
sphincter of Oddi
entrygate of pancreas, liver and gallbladder ducts realxes when nutrients are in duodenum
70
exocrine pancreas secretion
digestive enzymes from acinys to ductulus activation by hormones/neural (CCK, GRP,VIP)
71
osmolarity and nutrient meter in duodenum
regulates CCK and nerves --> bile, pancreatic enzymes, gastric chyme to make content isotonic (better digestion)
72
pH meter in duodenum (S cell)
regulates secretin release --> HCO3- (from pancreas and bile) to neutralize gastric acid and maintain stable pH
73
describe release of CCK in duodenum
A monitor peptide is released by pancreas. When this is not digested + free fatty acid present, it signals for release of CCK. Trypsin can break down this monitor peptide CCK-releasing peptide also stimulates CCK release
74
effect CCK (vagal efferent pathway)
- decrease acid secretion - decreased gastric emptying - increased panc. enzyme secretion - contraction gallbladder and relaxation sphincter of Oddi (neural and hormonal)
75
describe what happens when FFA is in intestines (CCK, gallbladder, sphincter and FFA conc)
- CCK plasma conc goes up - gallbladder contracts (volume goes down) - sphincter relaxes - FFA conc drops
76
composition and reuse bile fluid
5% bile (rest = water) 61% bile salts bile salts get taken up in bloodstream, into hepatic portal vein to liver to reuse
77
release of CCK activated by...
Ach, VIP, GRP (vagal efferent to pancreas)
78
what proteins are secreted by pancreas?
mostly proteolytic enzymes, trypsinogen etc. (77%) --> released as proenzymes from pancreas amylase lipase prophospholipase etc.
79
Nutritional physiology
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