BIO1210 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

four main types of cells

A

Describe the four main types of cells found in the human body and how these cells come together to form tissues, organs and organ systems

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2
Q

Human Biology

A

Focuses on how the human body works. Aids in understanding how diseases develop.

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

(structure)

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4
Q

Physiology

A

(function)

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5
Q

Neurons

A

Specialised cells capable of generating electrical signals to transmit information. Found in the nervous system (CNS & PNS)

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6
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Detect information from external environment to send to the brain. (thermoreceptors → change in temp)

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7
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Sends information from brain to muscles and organs to control bodily function. (contraction of muscles —> shivering)

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8
Q

Muscle Cells

A

Specialised cells capable of contracting to generate mechanical force and movement

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9
Q

Voluntary Control

A

Muscle cells associated with bones. e.g. skeletal muscle cell — bicep contraction

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10
Q

Involuntary Control

A

Muscle cells associated with hollow organs and involved in important functions. e.g. cardiac tissue (heart pumping)

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11
Q

Epithelial Cells

A

Cells that form a continuous sheet-like layer (epithelium) to:

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12
Q

Barrier

A

Form a barrier between the external and internal environments. (skin surfaces)

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13
Q

Transport and/or secrete substances

A

(epithelial cells in the stomach transport HCI into the stomach to aid in digestion)

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14
Q

Connective Tissue Cells

A

Broad term for uncategorised cells. Found all over the body (e.g. blood, bone, fat) and scattered in the extracellular matrix (composed of molecules and large proteins).

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15
Q

Tendons

A

anchor muscle to bone, Ligaments — connects bone together.

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16
Q

Atoms/Molecules

A

chemical building blocks of life.

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17
Q

Cells

A

basic unit of life with specialised functions

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18
Q

Tissue

A

groups of cells working collectively to perform similar functions

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19
Q

Organ

A

groups of tissues (at least 2) that relate to a particular function (heart — epithelial, muscle)

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20
Q

Epithelium

A

lines the inner surface and aids digestion

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21
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Holds everything together

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22
Q

Muscle

A

contracts to propel stomach contents along GI tract (peristalsis)

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23
Q

Organ Systems

A

groups of organs working together (e.g. gastrointestinal — intestine, pancreas, stomach etc.)

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24
Q

Homeostasis

A

Define the term homeostasis and describe its significance in how the human body function.

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25
Homeostasis
The body’s ability to maintain a constant internal environment despite changes to the external environment.
26
Example
changes in external temps vary but body attempts to maintain 37 degree internal temp. (unless extreme heat/cold —> fatal)
27
Negative Feedback
Refers to the system in which a certain action reduces the effect of change on the body, maintaining balance.
28
Sensors
Detect changes (e.g. thermoreceptors)
29
Integration Centre
Produces a response to counteract that change (e.g. brain)
30
Blood glucose levels increase
the pancreas responds by secreting insulin, which causes glucose to be transported out of the blood into cells, decreasing blood glucose levels back to ‘normal’.
31
If blood glucose levels decrease
the pancreas responds by secreting glucagon, which causes glucose to be transported out of cells back into the blood, increasing blood glucose levels back to ‘normal’
32
Body Fluid Compartments
Describe the fluid distribution in the human body and how this relates to the concepts of concentration gradients, diffusion and osmosis
33
Body fluid
can be divided into 2 compartments separated by the cell membrane
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Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
45% = cytosol
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Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
55% — plasma (in blood) or interstitial fluid (outside blood)
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Concentration Gradients
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Diffusion
The movement of molecules (e.g. ions) from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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Osmosis
The movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration of water molecules.
39
Both
are passive transport (no energy requirement)
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The movement of molecules and water
via diffusion and osmosis is controlled by the semi-permeable membrane of the cell. (molecules allowed through are selective)
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Any imbalance
leads to net movement of water into or out of the cells by osmosis
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ICF → ECF
causes cell shrinkage → dehydration, seizures, coma, death
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ECF → ICF
causes cell swelling → headache, nausea, seizures, coma, death
44
Plasma Membrane
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane and how this controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell (i.e. selective permeability)
45
Plasma Membrane
Acts as a barrier that separate the internal components of the cell from its external environment. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
46
Phospholipid
naturally form a bilayer in water. Tails point inwards to protect from water
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Hydrophilic head
‘likes’ water (faces outside)
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Hydrophobic tail
‘dislikes’ water (faces each other inward)
49
This structure
produces a selectively permeable membrane — regulates what can and cannot pass in and out of the cell.
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Lipophilic
dissolves in lipids
51
Polar
A molecule with uneven distribution of electron density — repelled by hydrophobic tails.
52
Charged
Unequal number of protons and electrons (ions) — also repelled.
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Allowed
Small, non-polar lipophilic molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide, fatty acids, steroid)
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Very small, uncharged polar molecules
(water, urea, glycerol, ethanol)
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Not Allowed
Large, uncharged polar molecules (amino acids, glucose, lactate, nucleotides)
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Charged molecules and ions
`Not allowed across semi-permeable membrane (hydrogen, potassium, sodium ions etc.)
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Integral membrane proteins
Have various functions. Trafficking substances across the membrane or cause chemical changes within cell. e.g. aquaporins make it easier for water to travel across membrane.
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Cholesterol
Helps prevent polar and charged molecules from crossing the membrane.
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Nucleus & Nucleolus
Describe the structure and function of various organelles in the cell including nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, lysosomes and peroxisomes
60
Nucleus
Most cells have a nucleus which contains the genetic material (DNA) of our cells
61
Nuclear envelope
Surrounded by a nuclear envelope which separates the DNA from the cytoplasm of the cell
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Nuclear pores
Embedded in the nuclear envelope are nuclear pores to allow selective transport of substances in and out of the nucleus.
63
Nucleus
is the site of transcription — where DNA is transcribed into mRNA for protein synthesis.
64
Nucleolus
Within the nucleus is the nucleolus — produces rRNA (ribosomal RNA) which is important for protein synthesis.
65
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Convoluted network of membranes with an interior compartment called lumen
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
contains ribosomes and is the site of protein translation
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lacks ribosomes and is the site of lipid synthesis.
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Ribosomes
Small (25nm) granules made up of rRNA and other proteins
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Ribosome structure
A single ribosome consists of two smaller subunits
70
Large 60S subunit
71
Small 40S subunit
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Ribosomes location
found in RER or floating within cytoplasm
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Mitochondria
Consists of two membranes diving the mitochondrion
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Intermembrane space
75
Matrix
76
Inner membrane
is highly folded into tubules called cristae and is the functional comportment of the mitochondria
77
Site of ATP production
and the cells major source of energy
78
Lysosomes & Peroxisomes
Small membrane-bound organelles involved in the degradation of material
79
Lysosomes
Degrade debris or old organelles. Contains enzymes to break these down. Usable components are recycled. Waste is removed (Exocytosis)
80
Peroxisomes
Degrade molecules such as amino acids, fatty acids and toxic foreign matter in a process called oxidation. e.g. hydrogen peroxide.
81
Golgi Apparatus
Membrane-bound flattened sacs called cisternae.
82
Cis face
One end faces the ER
83
Trans face
and the other end faces the plasma membrane
84
Proteins
synthesised in RER are picked up by the Golgi apparatus and packaged into vesicles to be transported elsewhere in the cell or to go elsewhere via plasma membrane.
85
Cell cytoskeleton
Describe the function of the cell cytoskeleton and the specific structure of actin, microtubule and intermediate filaments
86
Fibrous proteins
that provide structural support (plus transport, contraction, movement, adhesion to other cells) to the cell:
87
Actin filaments
The smallest. (7nm). Important for contraction in muscle cells, and structural support in several cell types.
88
G-actin
(individual globular actin) proteins form chains of F-actin (filamentous). Two F-actin chains will form actin filaments
89
Continuously assembling and disassembling
90
Microtubules
The largest (25nm). Involved in the transport of substances throughout the cell, cell division and structural support.
91
Microtubules structure
made up of two proteins — alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin which form a hollow tube
92
Intermediate Filaments
In between actin and microtubules (10nm) and are important in providing mechanical strength and structural support.
93
Cell-to-cell adhesions
Describe the cell-to-cell adhesions that hold cells together including tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions
94
Joining Cells Together
Cell junctions stick cells together.
95
Types of Junctions
Tight junctions — Seal two cells together so liquid cannot move through the space between cells
96
Tight junctions
Cells are fused together creating a majorly impermeable barrier
97
Example
Blood-brain barrier to restrict movement of substances from blood to brain
98
Desmosomes
Join cells together, but allow flexibility and a gap between cells.
99
Desmosomes structure
Composed of specialised proteins and are attached to intermediate filaments (made of keratin) that traverse the cell.
100
Example
Heart muscle undergoes stress when beating, desmosomes provide strength to hold cells together.
101
Gap Junctions
Create a channel between cells so that molecules can pass quickly from one cell to another
102
Gap Junctions structure
Made of connexin proteins which form the channel
103
Example
In the heart, allow for rapid spread of electrical impulses — allows for synchronous beating.
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