week 1: cell structure and function

Question 1

what is the basic structure of a cell

Answer 1

basic structure includes:
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
-nucelous
- mitochondria
- endoplasmic reticulum
- ribosomes
- Golgi apparatus
- lysosomes
- extracellular matrix

Question 2

what is the function of a cell membrane?

Answer 2

maintains homeostasis
polarity
metabolism
mobility
molecular interactions
transport
cell - cell interactions
structural integrity

Question 3

what is it made up of, describe this?

Answer 3

made up of a phospholipid bilayer: Bi-layer permits controlled entry and exit of substances in/out of the cell.

bilayer contains:
- hydrophilic heads: seek partners for hydrogen bonding
- hydrophobic tails: pack together

-protein components: transport channels, binding sites for specific molecules, marker molecules, enzyme run pumps, make ENERGY from glucose, catalysts, allow nutrient access

• carbohydrate components: on the outside of cell membrane, glycocalax (cell coating): protects cells, provides cell lubrication and cell to cell recognition,
  Oligosaccharides are bound to the proteins and lipids within the membrane
  Polysaccharides attached to proteins
  Proteoglycans

Question 4

what is the function of cytoplasm

Answer 4

most cell functions occur here
contains dissolved ions, suspended molecules
contains proteins: signalling, structural and enzymatic

Question 4

where is the cytoskeleton and what is its functions?

Answer 4

it is within the cytoplasm
made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments

• it is an internal scaffold
• maintains cell shape, and strength
• maintains organelle position

Question 5

function of the nucleus

Answer 5

it is the largest organelle
- hold DNA
- nuclear pores permit transport between cytoplasm and nucleus (protein and RNA_

Question 6

mitochondria function

Answer 6

aerobic respiration to generate ATP
it has its own genomes so it can divide and reproduce

Question 7

endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 7

smooth ER:
- biosynthesise lipids for new portions of cell membrane
- detox of drugs
- regulates calcium

Rough ER:
- ribosomes are for protein synthesis
- create and export glycoproteins to Golgi apparatus

Question 8

ribosome function

Answer 8

• site of protein synthesis
• links amino acids together
• combine and recipes informations from messenger RNA

Question 9

Golgi apparatus function

Answer 9

• receives protein from ER
• enzymes modify into final product (either glycoprotien or lipoprotein)
• final product is packaged into vesicles for transport to cell membrane

Question 10

lysosome function

Answer 10

• originate from the Golgi apparatus
• merge with imported material and use enzymes to digest them

Question 11

extracellular matrix contents and function

Answer 11

contents:
-has fibrous structural proteins ( collagen and elastin)
- sticky glycoproteins: cell adhesion and placement for mechanotransduction
-proteoglycans: hydrophilic for hydration

function:
- provides chemical and physical cues
-The ECM functions as a physical barrier, an anchorage site, or a movement track for cell migration

Question 12

state the hierarchy of biological organisation

Answer 12

• molecule
• organelle
  -cell
• tissue
  -organ
  -organism

Question 13

what is the basic function of a cell

Answer 13

homeostasis
communication
metabolism
protein synthesis (molecular biosynthesis)
specialised cell functions
reproduction and inheritance