1
Q
phenotype =
karyotype =
- female karyotype _ _ _ _
- male karyotype _ _ _ _
- male with down syndrome karyotype
A
karyotype – pictorial view of chromosomes; tells number,
structure and sex
- female karyotype – 46XX
- male karyotype – 46XY
- normal karyotype has 23 pairs of autosomes
- male with down syndrome
karyotype – 47 XY +21 (the +21 tells where the extra chromosome is)
phenotype – observable expressions of trait
2
Q
autosomal dominant disorder -
what would each of these autosomes mean for this disorder
BB
Bb
bb
A
Has to have at least 1 big B for this disorder to happen
BB - disorder would happen
Bb - disorder would happen
bb - disorder would not happen
3
Q
autosomal recessive disorder -
what would each of these autosomes mean for this disorder
BB
Bb
bb
A
Has to have bb for this disorder to happen
BB - disorder would not happen
Bb - would be an asymptomatic carrier
bb - disorder would happen
4
Q
Umbilical cord
- Connects __ and __
- #__ arteries – carry ____
- # __ vein – carry ______
- Surrounded by _____
- sensory or motor innervation ?
- Twisted/spiral shape due ____
A
Umbilical cord
- Connects placenta and fetus
- 2 arteries – carry deoxygenated blood and waste from baby to placenta
- 1 vein – oxygenated blood from placenta to baby
- Surrounded by whartons jelly – connective tissue
- No sensory or motor innervation – no pain
- Twisted/spiral shape due to fetal movement
5
Q
Decrease in normal vaginal flora (natural defense), bacteria overgrowth
A
Bacterial vaginosis
6
Q
- Heart beat begins
- Arm and leg buds
- Vertebrae
- Lung buds
- Eyes and ears begin forming
A
week 4
7
Q
- Trachea
- Nares
- Liver produces blood cells
- Heart begins circulation of blood
- Digits develop
- Tail recedes
A
week 6
8
Q
skin changes
hyper/hypo pigmentation
striae?
chloasma - what and where?
vascular spider nevi?
hair growth i/d
sweat and sebaceous glands i/d
linea nigra - what and where?
A
- hyperpigmentation
- striae – stretch marks
- facial chloasma – hormonal changes cause darker skin on face, avoid sun
- vascular spider nevi – vascular lesions
- decreased hair growth
- hyperactive sweat and sebaceous glands
- linea nigra - It appears as a dark, vertical line running down the center of your belly, usually from your belly button (umbilicus) to your pubic area, hormonal and normal, resolves itself after pregnancy
9
Q
positive signs of pregnancy
A
Signs that are attributed only to the presence of the fetus, can only be caused by pregnancy
- Auscultation of fetal heartbeat
- Fetal movement
- Visualization of the fetus
10
Q
detected in pregnancy test
A
hCG –
11
Q
Enlarged ovaries, many small cysts along outer edge of ovaries
A
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
12
Q
uterus changes
uterus size i/d____
fibrous tissue i/d____
blood flow i/d___
what type of contractions?
which way does uterus tilt when pregnant?
A
- Hypertrophy
- Fibrous tissue increase
- Blood flow increase
- Braxton hicks contractions - also labor contractions, are a normal part of pregnancy that most women experience in the second or third trimester. They are the uterus’ way of preparing for childbirth by tightening and releasing the muscles.
- Not pregnant = posterior tilt
- Pregnant = anterior tilt
13
Q
eye, cognitive, and metabolic changes
- intraocular pressure i/d
- cornea thickens/thins
- attention, concentration and memory i/d
- water, fat, and protein storage i/d
- fats absorbed i/d
A
eye, cognitive, and metabolic
- decreased intraocular pressure
- cornea thickens
- decreased attention, concentration and memory
- extra water, fat, and protein are stored
- fats and more completely absorbed
14
Q
- increase in subq fat
- lanugo disappears
A
week 36
15
Q
Cause –
s/s – chancre, wart like lesion on vulva, fever, weight loss, malaise, painless
treatment –
A
Syphilis
Chronic infection from contact with open wound or acquired congenitally
Cause – spirochete treponema pallidum
s/s – chancre, wart like lesion on vulva, fever, weight loss, malaise, painless
treatment – penicillin
16
Q
A
17
Q
Most common STD
A
Chlamydial infection
18
Q
Cause –
s/s – fever, rash on trunk looks like sunburn, vomit, hypotension, inflamed mucus membranes
treatment –
A
Toxic shock syndrome
Cause – toxin release by staph A
s/s – fever, rash on trunk looks like sunburn, vomit, hypotension, inflamed mucus membranes
treatment – hospitalization, IVF to maintain BP, antibiotics
19
Q
Cause –
s/s – thin, purulent discharge, dysuria, lower abd pain
treatment –
A
Chlamydial infection
Most common STD
increases risk for PID
Cause – chlamydia trachomatis
s/s – thin, purulent discharge, dysuria, lower abd pain
treatment – azithromycin
20
Q
breast changes
hyperplasia or hypertrophy
areolae darken/lighten
veins more/less prominent
striae
secretes what?
A
- Glandular hyperplasia AND hypertrophy
- Areolae darken, superficial veins prominent
- Striae – stretch marks
- Colostrum secretion
21
Q
twins - identical (di/di, mono/di, mono/mono) vs fraternal (di/di)
- 2 separate eggs
- Fertilized by 2 different sperm
- 2 separate placentas, chorions, and amnions
A
Fraternal – di/di
22
Q
cervix changes
mucous plug
goodells sign
chadwicks sign
hegards sign
A
- Mucous plug – barrier in the cervix blocks bacteria from entering uterus and reaching fetus
- Goodell’s sign – softening cervix
- Chadwicks sign – blue cervix b/c of increased vascularity
- Hegars sign – soft uterus
23
Q
what type of sign of pregnancy?
Amenorrhea
- n/v
- excessive fatigue
- urinary frequency
- breast changes
- quickening
A
presumptive
Changes experienced and reported by the woman that suggest the possibility of pregnancy but can also be caused by conditions other than pregnancy
Subjective
24
Q
Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles:
2 copies needed
25% chance
only one copy needed
50% chance
A
Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles:
* Dominant: In autosomal dominant inheritance, only one copy of the altered gene (dominant allele) is needed from a parent to cause the trait or condition to appear in the offspring. 50%
* Recessive: In autosomal recessive inheritance, two copies of the altered gene (recessive allele) are needed, one from each parent, for the trait or condition to manifest. A normal gene (dominant allele) will mask the effect of the recessive allele. 25%
25
recessive
26
dominant vs recessive
- affected individual has affected parent
- affected individual have 50% chance of passing defect to their kids and 50% of not passing the defect to their kids
- parent may have mild form of disease and child may have severe form
- examples – Huntington’s disease, dwarfism, polydactyly
dominant
27
dominant vs recessive
- affected individual has clinically normal parents, but both are carriers
- when both parents are carriers
- 25% chance of having the recessive disorder
- 50% chance of being a healthy carrier
- 25% chance of being healthy and not a carrier
- Example – Cystic fibrosis
- BOTH PARENT MUST BE CARRIERS – if one parent is carrier and other parent is not a carrier/doesn’t have CF = there is a 0% chance the child will have CF bc it needs the gene from both parents
recessive
28
- Face well developed
- Eye lids close
- Tooth buds
- Genitals are well differentiated
- Urine is produced
- Spontaneous movement
- fetal heart tones can be heard with doppler
week 12
29
- male have an extra X chromosome
- 47 XXY (should be 46 XY but there is an extra X chromosome)
- s/s
- small testicles
- decreased testosterone
- less muscle mass
- decreased body hair
- enlarged breast tissue
- little to no sperm
kleinfelter syndrome
30
dominant
31
hormones give female characteristics
hormones stabilize uterus, lactation
hormones relaxes and constricts smooth muscle
hormone helps eggs to mature
Estrogens – female characteristics
Progesterone – stabilize uterus, lactation
Prostaglandins – relaxes and constricts smooth muscle
FSH – hormone helps eggs to mature
32
Uterine size - Fundal height AKA McDonald’s method
for EDB
- It measures the distance from the top of the mother's pubic symphysis (the bony junction in the front of the pelvis) to the top of her uterus.
- The rule states that the fundal height should be roughly equal to the number of weeks pregnant, with a plus or minus 2 cm allowance for some variation.
- Can only use this method 20 weeks or later
- If there is more than a 2cm difference = investigate!
33
- full term starts at 37 weeks
- skin smooth and polished
- vernix in creases and folds only
- head bigger than chest
week 38
34
recommended weight gain
based on pre-pregnancy BMI
- underweight pre preg = gain ?
- normal weight pre preg = gain ?
- overweight pre preg = gain ?
- obese pre preg = gain ?
recommended weight gain
based on pre-pregnancy BMI
- underweight pre preg = gain 28-40 lbs
- normal weight pre preg = gain 25-35 lbs
- overweight pre preg = gain 15-25 lbs
- obese pre preg = gain 11-20 lbs
35
gaining weight pattern
- 1st trimester – gain ?
- 2nd and 3rd trimester – gain ?
gaining weight pattern
- 1st trimester – gain 1-5 lbs total
- 2nd and 3rd trimester – gain about 1 lb per week
36
what is the normal variance for Uterine size - Fundal height AKA McDonald’s method for EBD
what gestation age can you start using this method
+ or - 2 cm
20 weeks or later
37
STI
Cause
s/s – yellow/green discharge, inflammation, itching, dysuria
treatment -
Trichomoniasis
STI
Cause – trichomoniasis vaginalis
s/s – yellow/green discharge, inflammation, itching, dysuria
treatment - flagyl/metronidazole
38
___________ ___________
___________ infection
Cause – (4)
s/s – thick vaginal discharge, itching, rash
treatment – (2)
Vaginal candidiasis
Yeast infection
Cause – antibiotics, oral contraceptives, immunosuppressants, DM
s/s – thick vaginal discharge, itching, rash
treatment – Diflucan/fluconazole or nystatin
39
Chronic infection from contact with open wound or acquired congenitally
Syphilis
40
anterior of uterus, muscular upper portion of the uterus
posterior of uterus
area around the cervix where semen can pool/collect
Fundus of the uterus –
Cervix –
posterior fornix –
41
musculoskeletal changes
- pelvic joints loosen/tighten
- change in center of gravity?
- separation of rectus abdominus?
- postural change – lordosis/kyphosis?
musculoskeletal
- pelvic joints relax
- change in center of gravity
- separation of rectus abdominus
- postural change – lordosis
42
- egg removed by laparoscopy and placed with sperm
- fertilization occurs in fallopian tube
- then egg travels naturally to uterus to implant
gamete intrafallopian transfer
43
1 – cold sore
2 – genital infection
Herpes genitalis
HSV 1 – cold sore
HSV 2 – genital infection
44
UTI lower vs upper
Cause – E coli or staph
s/s – low fever, hematuria, painful urination
treatment – antibiotics
UTI
Lower UTI = cystitis
Cause – E coli or staph
s/s – low fever, hematuria, painful urination
treatment – antibiotics
45
Probable signs of pregnancy
Changes observed/perceived by an examiner that strongly suggest pregnancy but still may have other causes
Objective
- changes in pelvic organs (Goodell, Chadwick, hegar’s sign)
- enlargement of abdomen
- Braxton hicks contractions
- Abdominal striae
- Uterine souffle - A rushing or blowing sound of maternal blood flowing through uterine arteries; synchronous with the maternal pulse.
- Changes in pigmentation of the skin
- Positive pregnancy test
- Palpation of fetal outline
46
Endometrial tissue outside of uterine cavity
Endometriosis
47
- donor or husbands sperm deposited at cervix or uterus manually
- has to travel naturally through tubes
therapeutic insemination
48
UTI lower vs upper
cause – infection
s/s – high fever, chills, flank pain
treatment – IVF, IV abx, pain meds
upper UTI = pyelonephritis
cause – lower infection
s/s – high fever, chills, flank pain
treatment – IVF, IV abx, pain meds
49
- eggs retrieved and incubated with sperm and placed back into fallopian tubes once fertilization occurs
zygote intrafallopian transfer
50
twins - identical (di/di, mono/di, mono/mono) vs fraternal (di/di)
- 1 egg
- 1 sperm
- Division within 3 days of fertilization
- 1 shared placenta
- 2 chorion and amnion
Identical – di/di
51
52
Primary infertility -
secondary infertility -
Primary infertility - difficulty conceiving when there has never been a pregnancy, after 12 months of unprotected intercourse
secondary infertility - difficulty conceiving after having successful pregnancy(s), after 6 months of unprotected intercourse
53
Conococcal opthalmia neonatorum
Eye infection in newborns
Caused by bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae
From untreated mother
54
Cause –
s/s – single blister like vesicle in genital area, painful?
treatment –
*can’t deliver vaginally if _______
Herpes genitalis
HSV 1 – cold sore
HSV 2 – genital infection
Cause – herpes simplex virus
s/s – single blister like vesicle in genital area, painful?
treatment – no cure, acyclovir to keep virus dormant
*can’t deliver vaginally if mom has an active outbreak
55
- brain develops rapidly
- nervous system regulates
- eyelids open
- testes descend
- lungs can provide gas exchange
week 28
56
Cause – toxin release by staph A
Toxic shock syndrome
57
cause –
s/s – bilateral sharp cramp, fever, chills, purulent vaginal drainage
treatment –
pelvic inflammatory disease
inflammatory disorder of upper female genitalia, can cause tubal damage and infertility
cause – bacterial infection may be caused by many sex partners, IUD, untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia
s/s – bilateral sharp cramp, fever, chills, purulent vaginal drainage
treatment – antibiotics
58
- Viable birth – __ weeks or later
- Preterm labor – less than __
- Labor at term/full term – __ weeks or later
- Post-dates – __ weeks or greater
- Due date – __ weeks
- Post term labor – __ weeks or later
- Viable birth – 24 weeks or later
- Preterm labor – less than 37
- Labor at term/full term – 37 weeks or later
- Post-dates – 40 weeks or greater
- Due date – 40 weeks
- Post term labor – 42 weeks or later
59
respiratory changes
O2 consumption i/d
subcostal angle i/d
AP diameter i/d
breathing changes from __ to __
nasal stuffiness i/d
epistaxis i/d
- Oxygen consumption increase
- Subcostal angle and AP diameter increase
- Breathing changes from abdominal to thoracic
- Nasal stuffiness and epistaxis
60
cardiac changes
blood volume i/d
type of anemia?
systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance i/d
cardiac output i/d
hypercoagulable?
what type of BP issue?
- Blood volume increase 40-50%
- Physiologic anemia
- Decrease in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance
- Increase in cardiac output
- Somewhat hypercoagulable state – good for clotting blood lost in birth, bad for embolism
- Supine hypotensive syndrome – compression of the aorta and vena cava when pregnant lady lies on her back. Place a pillow or towel on one side to relive that pressure.
61
Thickening of normal breast tissue
Fibrocystic breast changes
Thickening of normal breast tissue
62
s/s – pelvic pain
cause
treatment –
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue outside of uterine cavity
Cause – unknown
s/s – pelvic pain
treatment – surgical removal of endometrial tissue, NSAIDS, oral contraceptives
63
twins - identical (di/di, mono/di, mono/mono) vs fraternal (di/di)
- 1 egg
- 1 sperm
- Division within 5 days of fertilization
- 1 shared placenta and chorion
- 2 amnions
-
Concern –
Identical – mono/di
one baby can take more nutrients than the other
64
Cause –
s/s – irregular/absent menses, elevated testosterone and androgen levels, obesity, insulin resistance, infertility, excess facial hair, oily skin
treatment
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Enlarged ovaries, many small cysts along outer edge of ovaries
Cause – unknown
s/s – irregular/absent menses, elevated testosterone and androgen levels, obesity, insulin resistance, infertility, excess facial hair, oily skin
oral contrceptives, Glucophage and spironolactone
65
inner skin folds protects the opening of the vagina and produce bactericidal
Labia minora –
66
endocrine changes
- thyroid size i/d
- concentration of parathyroid hormone i/d
o prolactin =
o oxytocin =
o vasopressin
o aldosterone =
endocrine
- thyroid enlarges
- concentration of parathyroid hormone increases
o prolactin = lactation
o oxytocin = lactation, uterine contractions
o vasopressin = Maintains blood volume and amniotic fluid levels
o aldosterone = Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance
67
STD increases risk for
Cause –
s/s – purulent, green/yellow discharge, dysuria, vulva swelling
treatment –
risks of untreated ______ -
Gonorrhea
STD increases risk for pelvic inflammatory disease
Cause – bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae
s/s – purulent, green/yellow discharge, dysuria, vulva swelling
treatment – Rocephin/ceftriaxone and azithromycin
risks of untreated gonorrhea – preterm labor (any infection), eye infection in baby, pelvic inflammatory disease
68
sexually transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex, usual cause of cervical cancer
human papillomavirus AKA genital warts
69
Danger signs in pregnancy
- fluid from vagina - how much?
- Vaginal bleed?
- Abdominal pain?
- Fever?
- vision changes?
- vomit?
- Edema?
- Muscular irritability, convulsions, seizures?
- Epigastric pain?
- Oliguria?
- Dysuria?
- Absence of fetal movement?
Danger signs in pregnancy
- Gush of fluid from vagina
- Vaginal bleed
- Abdominal pain
- Fever
- Dizzy, blurred vision, spots before eyes
- Persistent vomit
- Edema – general, unequal, in the morning
- Muscular irritability, convulsions, seizures
- Epigastric pain – liver, under right breast
- Oliguria
- Dysuria
- Absence of fetal movement
70
what type of sign of pregnancy?
Auscultation of fetal heartbeat
- Fetal movement
- Visualization of the fetus
positive
Signs that are attributed only to the presence of the fetus, can only be caused by pregnancy
71
Couvade –
when partner feels similar symptoms as pregnant person (fatigue, difficulty sleeping, weight gain)
72
STD increases risk for pelvic inflammatory disease
Cause – bacteria
Gonorrhea
73
- eyes complete
- vernix covered
- alveoli form
- grasp and startle reflex present
- finger/foot print present
- viable
week 24
74
Estimating EDB/EDC/EDD
what is it?
how many weeks?
Estimated date of birth
Estimated fate of confinement
Estimated date of delivery
40 weeks
75
- egg collected from ovary, fertilized in lab, placed in uterus after embryo development starts
- this would be a good option for someone with damaged fallopian tubes bc it is placed directly in uterus so it doesn’t have to naturally make its way through tubes
IVF
76
- brown fat
- vernix forms – white stuff on baby’s skin
- lanugo – fine hair on baby’s skin
- nipples
- nails
- fetal movement felt by mother
- fetal heart beat is heard by fetoscope
week 20
77
ways to improve fertility - T/F
- no douching or artificial lubricants
- retain and avoid leaking sperm for at least 60 mins after sex
- sex every day during fertile period
- decrease anxiety and stress
- adequate nutrition
ways to improve fertility
- no douching or artificial lubricants
- retain and avoid leaking sperm for at least 20-30 mins after sex
- sex every other day during fertile period
- decrease anxiety and stress
- adequate nutrition
78
what type of sign of pregnancy?
- changes in pelvic organs (Goodell, Chadwick, hegar’s sign)
- enlargement of abdomen
- Braxton hicks contractions
- Abdominal striae
- Uterine souffle - A rushing or blowing sound of maternal blood flowing through uterine arteries; synchronous with the maternal pulse.
- Changes in pigmentation of the skin
- Positive pregnancy test
- Palpation of fetal outline
probable
Changes observed/perceived by an examiner that strongly suggest pregnancy but still may have other causes
Objective
79
STI
Cause – trichomoniasis vaginalis
Trichomoniasis
80
ovary changes
egg production i/d
secretes which hormone
- Stop producing ova/egg during pregnancy
- Secretes progesterone until 7th week to maintain the endometrium
- Ovaries stop being primary source of hormones, placenta takes over
81
GI changes
gums hard/soft
gums bleeding i/d
saliva i/d
constipation i/d
heartburn i/d
gallstones i/d
hemorrhoids i/d
n/v i/d
- n/v
- gums soften and bleed easier
- increase in saliva
- constipation
- heartburn – pyrosis
- gallstones
- hemorrhoids
82
Yeast infection
Vaginal candidiasis
83
Presumptive signs of pregnancy
Changes experienced and reported by the woman that suggest the possibility of pregnancy but can also be caused by conditions other than pregnancy
Subjective
- Amenorrhea – no period
- n/v
- excessive fatigue
- urinary frequency
- breast changes
- quickening – mom’s perception of fetal movement
84
Major Prenatal screening tests -
genetic screen
down syndrome and edwards syndrome = high/low AFP
spina bifida and anencephaly = high/low AFP
- Genetic screen
o Spina bifida and Anencephaly = high AFP
o DS and Edwards syndrome = low AFP
85
twins - identical (di/di, mono/di, mono/mono) vs fraternal (di/di)
- 1 egg
- 1 sperm
- Division within 8-12 days after fertilization
- 1 shared placenta, chorion, amnion
- Concern –
Identical – mono/mono
cord accidents getting wrapped up
86
Breast danger signs
- Pain/tenderness that persists before/after menstruation ?
- Lumps that are mobile/immobile?
- Skin smooth/dimpling?
Breast danger signs
- Pain/tenderness that persists after menstruation
- Lumps that are fixed/immobile
- Skin retraction/dimpling
87
- nulligravida - A woman who has ____ pregnancies.
- primigravida - A woman who has ________ pregnancies
- multigravida - A woman who has _________ pregnancies.
0, 1, 2+
- Primipara (para) - A woman who has ______ pregnancy with a fetus or fetuses who have reached at least ____ weeks of gestation.
- nulligravida A woman who has never been pregnant and is not currently pregnant.
- primigravida - A woman who is pregnant for the first time.
- Primipara (para) - A woman who has completed one pregnancy with a fetus or fetuses who have reached at least 20 weeks of gestation.
- multigravida A woman who has had two or more pregnancies.
| Primi: meaning "first"
gravida refers to the number of times a woman ha
88
Cause –
s/s – thin, watery, white/grey fluid with fishy smell
diagnosis –
treatment –
Bacterial vaginosis
Decrease in normal vaginal flora (natural defense)
Cause – overgrowth of bacteria, probable from sex or douching
s/s – thin, watery, white/grey fluid with fishy smell
diagnosis – 4.5 + pH
treatment – flagyl/metronidazole, vaginal cream
89
where fertilization takes place?
usual site for implantation of the fertilized egg?
Ampulla –
Endometrium –
90
- Ova fertile ____hours after ovulation
- Sperm live ____ hours, probably only fertile for 24 hours
- fertilization Happens in _____
- # ____ sperm enters ovum = fertilization
- Chromosomes pair up = diploid zygote
- ____ = female
- ____ = male
- Egg has ____ chromosomes
- Sperm has ___ chromosomes
- Total ___ chromosomes
- Ova fertile 12-24 hours after ovulation
- Sperm live 48-72 hours, probably only fertile for 24 hours
- Happens in ampulla
- Only one sperm enters ovum = fertilization
- Chromosomes pair up = diploid zygote
- XX = female
- XY = male
- Egg has 23 chromosomes
- Sperm has 23 chromosomes
- Total 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
91
- trisomy 21
- extra chromosome 21
down syndrome
92
- Dilation – opening of the ___
- Effacement – thinning of ___
- Station – where the ___ is located in relationship to ___
give measurement of each
- Dilation – opening of the cervix 0-10 cm/closed – complete
- Effacement – thinning of cervix 0-100%
- Station – where the fetal head is located in relationship to ischial spines -5 to +5
93
Ovarian cycle
1. _________ phase – day 1 – 14
2. __________phase – day 15 – 28
follicular - egg is getting ready
luteal - egg is fertilized/not fertilized
94
Quickening - fetal movement perception - Starts at __ weeks
Auscultating
Ultrasonic Doppler device – starts at __ weeks
Fetoscope – starts at __ weeks
which is most accurate?
Quickening - fetal movement perception - Starts at 16-20 weeks
Auscultating
Ultrasonic Doppler device – starts at 12 weeks
Fetoscope – starts at 20 weeks
ultrasound
95
narrowest part of the bony pelvis, plays a role in fetal station
Ischial spines –
96
GU changes
urination frequence i/d
why?
kidneys dilate/constrict
uterus dilate/constrict
GFR i/d
renal plasma flow i/d
residual volume i/d
urine stasis i/d
why is urine stasis a concern?
- pressure on bladder = frequency
- dilatation of kidneys and ureters
- increased GFR and renal plasma flow
- increased residual volume and urine stasis = increased risk for bladder/kidney infection = increased risk for preterm labor
97
vagina changes
mucosa thickens/thins
secretions i/d
connective tissue tightens/loosens
- Mucosa thickens
- Increase in secretions
- Loosening of connective tissue
98
Menstrual cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
what days are ovulation
1. menstrual - period bleeding
2. proliferative - preparing for egg,
- increased estrogen = endometrial cells enlarge
- cervical mucus more elastic, thin and clear which is better for sperm
3. secretory
- Egg is traveling
- Progesterone = swelling of epithelium
- Vascularity of uterus increases in preparation for implantation
4. ischemic
- If there is no implantation = estrogen and progesterone levels decrease
- Corpus luteum degenerates
- Menstrual phase begins and bleeding occurs
ovulation days 13-15
between proliferative and secretory
99
cause –
s/s – genital warts
treatment –
human papillomavirus
sexually transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex, usual cause of cervical cancer
cause – human papillomavirus
s/s – genital warts
treatment – no cure, cryotherapy, shave excision, acid removal
100
- female is missing an x chromosome
- 45 X (should be 46 XX but missing X chromosome)
- s/s
- short
- wide neck
- failure of ovaries to develop
- heart problems
- abnormal trunk
- infertility
turners syndrome
101
protect and control temp of sperm
sperm production
sperm reservoir
secrete alkaline fluid to help keep sperm alive
testes, epididymis, seminal vessel/prostate gland, scrotum
Scrotum – protect and control temp of sperm
Testes – sperm production
Epididymis – sperm reservoir
Seminal vessels and prostate glands – secrete alkaline fluid to help keep sperm alive
102
s/s – cyclic pain, swelling in breast before menses
cause
treatment -
Fibrocystic breast changes
Thickening of normal breast tissue
Cause – imbalance of estrogen/progesterone
s/s – cyclic pain, swelling in breast before menses
treatment – limit caffeine and sodium, use oral contraceptives
*remember mobile masses are ok, immobile masses are red flag
103
GTPAL
GTPAL
Gravida - # of pregnancies, including current pregnancy
Term - # of deliveries 37 weeks or later
Preterm - # of deliveries 20 – 36 weeks
Abortion - # of pregnancies ending in spontaneous/therapeutic abortions, including still births, miscarriages
Living - # of currently living kids
104
- Cephalic or vertex –
- Breech –
- Transverse –
- Cephalic or vertex – head first
- Breech – feet or butt first
- Transverse – side lying
105
sheath, overall uterine stability
suspends uterus “springs of a trampoline”
at the bottom, holds everything up
| round, cardinal, broad
Broad ligament –sheath, overall uterine stability
Round ligament –suspends uterus “springs of a trampoline”
Cardinal ligament –at the bottom, holds everything up
106
inflammatory disorder of upper female genitalia, can cause tubal damage and infertility
pelvic inflammatory disease
107
Naegele’s rule
for EDB
Naegele’s rule
1st day of last menstrual period
Subtract 3 months
Add 7 days
108
fibromuscular area of the vulva between anus and vagina that stretches for delivery
perineal body
109
- Rupture of membranes ROM –
C
O
A
T
- Rupture of membranes ROM – breaking of the amniotic sac that contains amniotic fluid
- C.O.A.T
o Color – clear
o Odor – none, minimal
o Amount
o Time – the longer the time it has been broken to more bacteria that can get through to baby
sav 332
flashcards
Decks in class (11)
# Cards
