1
Q
Spatial Resolution
A
Size of he smallest structures that can be distinguished
2
Q
Contrast Resolution
A
ability to distinguish between intrinsic characteristics of different normal and abnormal structures
3
Q
Temporal Resolution
A
ability to deal with moving tissues and flowing blood
4
Q
Specific characteristics of imaging modalities
A
- spatial resolution - contrast resolution - temporal resolution - radiation type - cost - availability
5
Q
Ultrasound characteristics - spatial resolution - contrast resolution - temporal resolution - radiation type - cost - availability
A
- medium to high, depending on patient and body part - medium - high - sound waves - Medium - Common
6
Q
Unltrasound terminology - echogenic - hypoechoic - anechoic - doppler - duplex
A
- brighter - darker - black - uses sound waves for depth so you can tell which way fluid is going - doppler over an image
7
Q
What makes up the superior thoracic aperture
A
- sternum, 1st rib, 1st vertebrae
8
Q
Parts of sternum
A
- munbrium, body, xiphoid process
9
Q
Parts of rib
A
head, neck, costal tubercle, body
10
Q
Parts of vertebrae
A
- superior costal facet - inferior costal facet - superior articular process - inferior articular process - transverse costal facet - transverse process - articular process
11
Q
three classes of ribs and which ribs fall under each class
A
- True Ribs: 1-7 - False Ribs: 8-10 - Floating: 11-12
12
Q
Attachment of 3 classes of ribs to sternum
A
- True Ribs: attach directly to sternum - False ribs: attach to 7th costal cartilage - Floating ribs: no anterior attachment
13
Q
In adolescents and young adults how is the sternum different?
A
- cartilaginous
14
Q
When do bones ossify in the sternum
A
- 40
15
Q
Synchondroses
A
how sternum is connected together
16
Q
Why is the xiphoid process an important anatomical landmark in the median plane
A
Xiphoid process marks costal margin and marks the superior limit of the liver, central tendon of the diaphragm, and inferior border of the heart
17
Q
Diaphragm - major function - what is central tendon? - structure that perforates the central tendon? - other structures that pass through and where? - motor innervation - sensory - blood supply on thoracic portion
A
- respiration - aponeurotic part of the diaphragm - IVC - Aorta at T12–passes through aortic hiatus - Esophagus at T10– passes through esophageal hiatus - phrenic, which also supplies sensory to central part - Central diaphragm is through phrenic nerve; Peripheral diaphragm is through intercostal nerves - Pericardiophrenic and Musculophrenic arteries which come off the internal thoracic artery (which comes off subclavian artery) and the superior phrenic artery (from thoracic aorta)
18
Q
side effect of ascities
A
fluid in his abdomen is pushing up on his diaphragm, disrupting contraction and relaxation of diaphragm during breathing. Patient is not able to fully relax and contract and this leads to SOB
19
Q
cardiac progenitor cells
A
○ primary (first) heart field (origin: mesodermal cells from primitive streak) ○ second heart field (origin: cardiac progenitor cells from pharyngeal mesoderm) • neural crest cells
20
Q
What portion of the lateral plate mesoderm becomes the heart tubes?
A
Endocardial heart tubes
21
Q
What day does the heart begin to beat? Blood flow?
A
- Dr. McGarvey: Heart beat begins: day 19, Blood flow begins: day 22 - Moore: Heart beat begins: day 22-23, Blood flow begins: during 4th week
22
Q
Embryonic structure turns into - truncus arteriosus - bulbus cordis - primitive ventricle - primitive atrium - sinus venosus
A
- outflow tract -> divides into aorta and pulmonary trunk - smooth part of right and left ventricle - trabeculated parts of the right and left ventricles - trabeculated parts of the right and left atria - smooth part of right atria and coronary sinus
23
Q
Septa - how many? - what forms AV septum? - what forms AV valves - clinical issues
A
- 4 - ventral AV cushion + dorsal AV cushion= AV cushion -> right and left AV canals - proliferation of subendocardial tissue around the AV canals - hypoplastic left heart syndrome
24
Q
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
A
- right ventricle as pump - patent foramen ovale - atresia of mitral/ aortic orfice - hypoplasia of ascending aorta
25
Ebsteins anomaly - what is this? - sxs? -Tx?
- apical displacement of the valve and formtion of an atrailized right ventricle - palpitations, holosystolic tricuspid regurg murmur, Woll-Parkinson-White pre-excitation pattern - monitor
26
What is this? - type of tissue - function - forms?
- epicardium - Simple squamous mesothelium with a layer of loose connective tissue, - visceral layer of pericardium and when it reflects back on itself forms the parietal pericardium
27
In pericarditis what layer of epicardium is affected?
- Mesothelial cells layer of epicardium
28
what is this? -characterize the structure
- endocardium - loose irregular connective tissue and squamous epithelial cells.
29
How would you characterize the structure of a Purkinje cell vs a regular cardiocyte?
- Bigger cells, contain more gap junctions - They are lighter pink because they contain more vacuoles and glycogen storage - Purkinje cells are modified cardiomyocytes
30
What is this? - structure - function
Cardiac Muscle cells - intercalated discs (gap junctions, desmosomes), striated, branched, central nuclei, mononuclear - Intercalated disc connect cells end to end: contain gap junctions that allows for movement of ions--\>rapid synchronous depolarization; desmosomes link the cells
31
- What is this? - where is it? - why is it important? - type of connective tissue near valves? - type of connective tissue found around chordae tendinae? Why?
- Inside the endocardium - Fibrous skeleton of the heart - Anchors valves of heart so it inhibits conduction to atria and ventricles and this directs conduction to Bundle of His - Dense irregular CT - dense regular CT, Because you want all the fibers in this region to be pulled in the same direction
32
- What is this - How many layers? - blood vessel with thickest media - blood vessel with thickest adventitia - how is blood supplied to the wall of a large artery? - role of elastic fiber in wall of aorta?
- large vessels -3, - arteries - veins - vaso vasorum - elastic fibers for expansion so blood vessels wont rupture due to high blood pressure
33
- which layer of the artery is affected by athersclerotic plaque? - another name for a muscular artery? - modification of endothelium in vein? function?
- tunica intima - disturbing artery - valve, Valves are thin folds of intima projecting well into the lumen, which act to prevent backflow of blood
34
- what is this? - role of smooth muscle at end of arterioles? - role of capillary - additional cells found in wall of capillary - biggest difference between an arteriole and venule
- artery, capillary, vein - Maintain blood pressure - Simple endothelium with a basement layer - Pericyte -- functions include contraction (to help with blood flow) and helps with angiogenesis - Arterioles have smooth muscles and adventitia whereas the venules do not
35
- What is this? - prevalence? - structure - how are molecules exchanged
- Continuous capillaries - most common - tight, occluding junctions sealing the intercellular clefts between all the endothelial cells to produce minimal fluid leakage - across the endothelium must cross the cells by diffusion or transcytosis.
36
- what is this? - structure - basement membrane - prevalence? - importance
- fenestrated capillary - have tight junctions, but perforations (fenestrations) through the endothelial cells allow greater exchange across the endothelium - continuous found in organs where molecular exchange with the blood is important, such as endocrine organs, intestinal walls, and choroid plexus - specialized for uptake of molecules such as hormones in endocrine glands or for outflow of molecules such as in the kidney’s filtration system.
37
- what is this? - structure - where? - used for?
- sinusoids - discontinuous capillaries, usually have a wider diameter than the other types and have discontinuities between the endothelial cells, large fenestrations through the cells, and a partial, discontinuous basement membrane. - found in organs where exchange of macromolecules and cells occurs readily between tissue and blood, such as in bone marrow, liver, and spleen. - specialized not only for maximal molecular exchange between blood and surrounding tissue but also for easy movement of blood cells across the endothelium.
38
Elastic arteries (AKA Large) - diameter - intima - media - adventitia - role
- \> 10 mm - Endothelium; connective tissue with smooth muscle - Many elastic lamellae alternating with smooth muscle - Connective tissue, thinner than media, with vasa vasorum - Conduct blood from heart and with elastic recoil help move blood forward under steady pressure; no vasoconstriction/dilation
39
Muscular arteries (AKA med) - diameter - intima - media - adventitia - role
- 10-1 mm - Endothelium; connective tissue with smooth muscle, internal elastic lamina prominent - Many smooth muscle layers, with much less elastic material - Connective tissue, thinner than media; vasa vasorum maybe present - Distribute blood to all organs and maintain steady blood pressure and flow with vasodilation and constriction
40
Small arteries - diameter - intima - media - adventitia - role
- 1-0.1 mm - Endothelium; connective tissue less smooth muscle - 3-10 layers of smooth muscle - Connective tissue, thinner than media; no vasa vasorum - Distribute blood to arterioles, adjusting flow with vasodilation and constriction
41
Arterioles - diameter - intima - media - adventitia - role
- 100-10 µm - Endothelium; no connective tissue or smooth muscle - 1-3 layers of smooth muscle - Very thin connective tissue layer - Resist and control blood flow to capillaries; major determinant of systemic blood pressure
42
Capillaries - diameter - intima - media - adventitia - role
- 10-4 µm - Endothelium only - A few pericytes only - None - Exchange metabolites by diffusion to and from cells
43
Venules - diameter - intima - media - adventitia - role
- 10-100 µm - Endothelium; no valves - Pericytes and scattered smooth muscle cells - None - Drain capillary beds; site of leukocyte exit from vasculature
44
Small veins - diameter - intima - media - adventitia - role
- 0.1-1 mm - Endothelium; connective tissue with scattered smooth muscle fibers - Thin, 2-3 loose layers of smooth muscle cells - Connective tissue, thicker than media - Collect blood from venules, still no valves
45
Med Veins - diameter - intima - media - adventitia - role
- 1-10 mm - Endothelium; connective tissue, with valves - 3-5 more distinct layers of smooth muscle - Thicker than media; longitudinal smooth muscle may be present - Carry blood to larger veins, with no backflow
46
Large Veins - diameter - intima - media - adventitia - role
- \> 10 mm - Endothelium; connective tissue, smooth muscle cells; prominent valves - \> 5 layers of smooth muscle, with much collagen - Thickest layer, with bundled longitudinal smooth muscle - Return blood to heart
Unit 6: SXS
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